Minor fixes and refactors

.gitattributes

@@ -1,2 +1,3 @@
 *.hdr filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
 *.png filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
+*.ttf filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text

.gitignore

@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
 .zig-cache
 zig-out
 zig-pkg
-*.spv

.vscode/extensions.json

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 {
     "recommendations": [
+        "shader-slang.slang-language-extension",
         "vadimcn.vscode-lldb",
         "ziglang.vscode-zig",
     ],

assets/blocks/OakLogX.json

@@ -1,22 +1,28 @@
 {
     "walls": {
         "positive_x": {
-            "material": "OakLogTop.json"
+            "material": "OakLogTop.json",
+            "transform": "identity"
         },
         "negative_x": {
-            "material": "OakLogTop.json"
+            "material": "OakLogTop.json",
+            "transform": "mirror"
         },
         "positive_y": {
-            "material": "OakLog.json"
+            "material": "OakLog.json",
+            "transform": "rotate_ccw"
         },
         "negative_y": {
-            "material": "OakLog.json"
+            "material": "OakLog.json",
+            "transform": "rotate_cw"
         },
         "positive_z": {
-            "material": "OakLog.json"
+            "material": "OakLog.json",
+            "transform": "rotate_cw"
         },
         "negative_z": {
-            "material": "OakLog.json"
+            "material": "OakLog.json",
+            "transform": "rotate_cw"
         }
     }
 }

assets/blocks/OakLogY.json

@@ -1,22 +1,28 @@
 {
     "walls": {
         "positive_x": {
-            "material": "OakLog.json"
+            "material": "OakLog.json",
+            "transform": "rotate_cw"
         },
         "negative_x": {
-            "material": "OakLog.json"
+            "material": "OakLog.json",
+            "transform": "rotate_ccw"
         },
         "positive_y": {
-            "material": "OakLogTop.json"
+            "material": "OakLogTop.json",
+            "transform": "identity"
         },
         "negative_y": {
-            "material": "OakLogTop.json"
+            "material": "OakLogTop.json",
+            "transform": "mirror"
         },
         "positive_z": {
-            "material": "OakLog.json"
+            "material": "OakLog.json",
+            "transform": "identity"
         },
         "negative_z": {
-            "material": "OakLog.json"
+            "material": "OakLog.json",
+            "transform": "rotate_180"
         }
     }
 }

assets/blocks/OakLogZ.json

@@ -1,22 +1,28 @@
 {
     "walls": {
         "positive_x": {
-            "material": "OakLog.json"
+            "material": "OakLog.json",
+            "transform": "identity"
         },
         "negative_x": {
-            "material": "OakLog.json"
+            "material": "OakLog.json",
+            "transform": "identity"
         },
         "positive_y": {
-            "material": "OakLog.json"
+            "material": "OakLog.json",
+            "transform": "identity"
         },
         "negative_y": {
-            "material": "OakLog.json"
+            "material": "OakLog.json",
+            "transform": "identity"
         },
         "positive_z": {
-            "material": "OakLogTop.json"
+            "material": "OakLogTop.json",
+            "transform": "identity"
         },
         "negative_z": {
-            "material": "OakLogTop.json"
+            "material": "OakLogTop.json",
+            "transform": "mirror_rotate_180"
         }
     }
 }

assets/shaders/equirect_to_cube.comp

@@ -1,68 +0,0 @@
-#version 460
-
-layout(set = 0, binding = 0) uniform sampler _EquirectangularSampler;
-
-layout(set = 0, binding = 1) uniform texture2D _EquirectangularTexture;
-layout(set = 0, binding = 2, rgba16f) uniform writeonly restrict imageCube _CubemapImage;
-
-const float INV_PI = 0.31830987;
-const float HALF_INV_PI = 0.15915494;
-
-const mat3x3 MATRIX_2D_TO_CUBE[6] = mat3x3[](
-    // Positive X
-    mat3x3(
-        0,  0, -1,
-        0, -1,  0,
-        1,  0,  0
-    ),
-    // Negative X
-    mat3x3(
-         0,  0, 1,
-         0, -1, 0,
-        -1,  0, 0
-    ),
-    // Positive Y
-    mat3x3(
-        1, 0, 0,
-        0, 0, 1,
-        0, 1, 0
-    ),
-    // Negative Y
-    mat3x3(
-        1,  0,  0,
-        0,  0, -1,
-        0, -1,  0
-    ),
-    // Positive Z
-    mat3x3(
-        1,  0, 0,
-        0, -1, 0,
-        0, 0,  1
-    ),
-    // Negative Z
-    mat3x3(
-        -1,  0,  0,
-         0, -1,  0,
-         0,  0, -1
-    )
-);
-
-layout(local_size_x = 8, local_size_y = 8, local_size_z = 1) in;
-void main() {
-    vec2 size = vec2(imageSize(_CubemapImage).xy);
-    vec2 texCoord = (vec2(gl_GlobalInvocationID.xy) + vec2(0.5)) / size;
-    uint layerIndex = gl_GlobalInvocationID.z;
-
-    texCoord = texCoord * vec2(2.0) - vec2(1.0); // Map to range [-1, 1]
-
-    vec3 cubeCoord = MATRIX_2D_TO_CUBE[layerIndex] * vec3(texCoord, 1.0);
-    vec3 cubeDir = normalize(cubeCoord);
-
-    float theta = atan(cubeDir.y, cubeDir.x);
-    float phi = asin(cubeDir.z);
-
-    vec2 equirectCoord = vec2(theta * HALF_INV_PI, phi * INV_PI) + vec2(0.5);
-
-    vec4 irradiance = texture(sampler2D(_EquirectangularTexture, _EquirectangularSampler), equirectCoord);
-    imageStore(_CubemapImage, ivec3(gl_GlobalInvocationID.xyz), irradiance);
-}

assets/shaders/equirect_to_cube.slang

@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+import "includes/math";
+
+[[vk::binding(0, 0)]] SamplerState _EquirectangularSampler;
+[[vk::binding(1, 0)]] Texture2D _EquirectangularTexture;
+[[vk::binding(2, 0)]] WTexture2DArray _CubemapImage;
+
+static const float3x3 MATRIX_2D_TO_CUBE[6] = {
+    // Positive X
+    {
+         0,  0, 1,
+         0, -1, 0,
+        -1,  0, 0,
+    },
+    // Negative X
+    {
+        0,  0, -1,
+        0, -1,  0,
+        1,  0,  0,
+    },
+    // Positive Y
+    {
+        1, 0, 0,
+        0, 0, 1,
+        0, 1, 0,
+    },
+    // Negative Y
+    {
+        1,  0,  0,
+        0,  0, -1,
+        0, -1,  0,
+    },
+    // Positive Z
+    {
+        1,  0, 0,
+        0, -1, 0,
+        0,  0, 1,
+    },
+    // Negative Z
+    {
+        -1,  0,  0,
+         0, -1,  0,
+         0,  0, -1,
+    }
+};
+
+float2 cubemapSize() {
+    uint width, height, elements;
+    _CubemapImage.GetDimensions(width, height, elements);
+    return float2(width, height);
+}
+
+[shader("compute")]
+[numthreads(8, 8, 1)]
+void main(uint3 threadID: SV_DispatchThreadID)
+{
+    let size = cubemapSize();
+    var texCoord = (float2(threadID.xy) + 0.5) / size;
+    let layerIndex = threadID.z;
+
+    texCoord = 2.0 * texCoord - 1.0; // Map to range [-1, 1]
+
+    let cubeCoord = mul(MATRIX_2D_TO_CUBE[layerIndex], float3(texCoord, 1.0));
+    let cubeDir = normalize(cubeCoord);
+
+    let theta = atan2(cubeDir.y, cubeDir.x);
+    let phi = asin(cubeDir.z);
+
+    let equirectCoord = float2(theta * HALF_INV_PI, phi * INV_PI) + 0.5;
+
+    let irradiance = _EquirectangularTexture.SampleLevel(_EquirectangularSampler, equirectCoord, 0.0);
+    _CubemapImage.Store(threadID, irradiance);
+}

assets/shaders/gui_box.frag

@@ -1,39 +0,0 @@
-#version 460
-#extension GL_EXT_nonuniform_qualifier : require
-#extension GL_EXT_scalar_block_layout : require
-#extension GL_EXT_shader_16bit_storage : require
-
-in Varyings {
-    layout(location = 0) flat uint instance;
-    layout(location = 1) vec2 positionSSPX;
-} var;
-
-#include "includes/gui_box_common.glsl"
-
-layout(location = 0) out vec4 fragColor;
-
-float boxSDF(vec2 p, vec2 center, vec2 halfExtents, float borderRadius) {
-    vec2 q = abs(p - center) - halfExtents + borderRadius;
-    return min(max(q.x, q.y), 0.0) + length(max(q, 0.0)) - borderRadius;
-}
-
-#define BOX _Boxes[var.instance]
-
-void main() {
-    vec2 halfExtentsPX = 0.5 * BOX.sizePX;
-    vec2 centerSSPX = BOX.positionSSPX + halfExtentsPX;
-    float borderHalfWidthPX = 0.5 * BOX.borderWidthPX;
-
-    float interiorSDF = boxSDF(var.positionSSPX, centerSSPX, halfExtentsPX, BOX.borderRadiusPX) + BOX.borderWidthPX;
-    float borderSDF = abs(interiorSDF - borderHalfWidthPX) - borderHalfWidthPX;
-
-    float interiorCoverage = clamp(-interiorSDF + 0.5, 0.0, 1.0) * BOX.backgroundColor.a;
-    float borderCoverage = clamp(-borderSDF + 0.5, 0.0, 1.0) * BOX.borderColor.a;
-    float totalCoverage = interiorCoverage + borderCoverage;
-
-    fragColor = vec4(
-        interiorCoverage * BOX.backgroundColor.rgb +
-        borderCoverage * BOX.borderColor.rgb,
-        totalCoverage
-    );
-}

assets/shaders/gui_box.slang

@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+import "includes/math";
+import "includes/structs";
+
+struct Varyings {
+    float4 positionCS : SV_Position;
+    nointerpolation uint instance;
+    float2 positionSSPX;
+}
+
+struct GuiBox {
+    float4 backgroundColor;
+    float4 borderColor;
+    float2 positionSSPX;
+    float2 sizePX;
+    float borderWidthPX;
+    float borderRadiusPX;
+}
+
+[[vk::binding(0, 0)]] ConstantBuffer<GlobalUniforms> _Global;
+[[vk::binding(1, 0)]] StructuredBuffer<GuiBox> _Boxes;
+
+static const float2 VERTICES[4] = {
+    float2(0, 1),
+    float2(1, 1),
+    float2(0, 0),
+    float2(1, 0),
+};
+
+[shader("vertex")]
+Varyings vertexMain(uint vertexID : SV_VulkanVertexID, uint instanceID : SV_VulkanInstanceID) {
+    Varyings out;
+
+    let vertex = VERTICES[vertexID];
+    let box = _Boxes[instanceID];
+
+    let positionSSPX = vertex * box.sizePX + box.positionSSPX;
+    let positionCS = float4(mul(_Global.matrixSSPXtoCS, float3(positionSSPX, 1.0)), 0.0, 1.0);
+
+    out.positionCS = positionCS;
+    out.instance = instanceID;
+    out.positionSSPX = positionSSPX;
+    return out;
+}
+
+[shader("fragment")]
+float4 fragmentMain(Varyings frag) : SV_Target {
+    let box = _Boxes[frag.instance];
+
+    let halfExtentsPX = 0.5 * box.sizePX;
+    let centerSSPX = box.positionSSPX + halfExtentsPX;
+    let borderHalfWidthPX = 0.5 * box.borderWidthPX;
+
+    let interiorSDF = boxSDF(frag.positionSSPX, centerSSPX, halfExtentsPX, box.borderRadiusPX) + box.borderWidthPX;
+    float borderSDF = abs(interiorSDF - borderHalfWidthPX) - borderHalfWidthPX;
+
+    float interiorCoverage = saturate(-interiorSDF + 0.5) * box.backgroundColor.a;
+    float borderCoverage = saturate(-borderSDF + 0.5) * box.borderColor.a;
+    float totalCoverage = interiorCoverage + borderCoverage;
+
+    return float4(
+        interiorCoverage * box.backgroundColor.rgb +
+        borderCoverage * box.borderColor.rgb,
+        totalCoverage,
+    );
+}

assets/shaders/gui_box.vert

@@ -1,30 +0,0 @@
-#version 460
-#extension GL_EXT_nonuniform_qualifier : require
-#extension GL_EXT_scalar_block_layout : require
-#extension GL_EXT_shader_16bit_storage : require
-
-out Varyings {
-    layout(location = 0) flat uint instance;
-    layout(location = 1) vec2 positionSSPX;
-} var;
-
-#include "includes/gui_box_common.glsl"
-
-const vec2 VERTICES[4] = vec2[](
-    vec2(0, 1),
-    vec2(1, 1),
-    vec2(0, 0),
-    vec2(1, 0)
-);
-
-#define BOX _Boxes[gl_InstanceIndex]
-#define VERTEX VERTICES[gl_VertexIndex]
-
-void main() {
-    vec2 positionSSPX = VERTEX * BOX.sizePX + BOX.positionSSPX;
-    vec4 positionCS = vec4(_Global.matrixSSPXtoCS * vec3(positionSSPX, 1.0), 0.0, 1.0);
-
-    gl_Position = positionCS;
-    var.instance = gl_InstanceIndex;
-    var.positionSSPX = positionSSPX;
-}

assets/shaders/gui_image.frag

@@ -1,20 +0,0 @@
-#version 460
-#extension GL_EXT_nonuniform_qualifier : require
-#extension GL_EXT_scalar_block_layout : require
-#extension GL_EXT_shader_16bit_storage : require
-
-in Varyings {
-    layout(location = 0) flat uint instance;
-    layout(location = 1) vec2 texCoord;
-} var;
-
-#include "includes/gui_image_common.glsl"
-
-layout(location = 0) out vec4 fragColor;
-
-#define IMAGE _Images[var.instance]
-
-void main() {
-    vec4 texel = texture(sampler2D(_Textures[uint(IMAGE.textureId)], _Sampler), var.texCoord);
-    fragColor = texel * IMAGE.tint;
-}

assets/shaders/gui_image.slang

@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+import "includes/math";
+import "includes/structs";
+
+struct Varyings {
+    float4 positionCS : SV_Position;
+    nointerpolation uint instance;
+    float2 texCoord;
+}
+
+struct GuiImage {
+    float4 tint;
+    float2 positionSSPX;
+    float2 sizePX;
+    float2 uvMin;
+    float2 uvMax;
+    uint16_t texture;
+}
+
+[[vk::binding(0, 0)]] ConstantBuffer<GlobalUniforms> _Global;
+[[vk::binding(1, 0)]] StructuredBuffer<GuiImage> _Images;
+[[vk::binding(2, 0)]] SamplerState _Sampler;
+[[vk::binding(3, 0)]] Texture2D _Textures[];
+
+static const float2 VERTICES[4] = {
+    float2(0, 1),
+    float2(1, 1),
+    float2(0, 0),
+    float2(1, 0),
+};
+
+[shader("vertex")]
+Varyings vertexMain(uint vertexID : SV_VulkanVertexID, uint instanceID : SV_VulkanInstanceID) {
+    Varyings out;
+
+    let vertex = VERTICES[vertexID];
+    let image = _Images[instanceID];
+
+    let positionSSPX = vertex * image.sizePX + image.positionSSPX;
+    let positionCS = float4(mul(_Global.matrixSSPXtoCS, float3(positionSSPX, 1.0)), 0.0, 1.0);
+
+    let texCoord = vertex * (image.uvMax - image.uvMin) + image.uvMin;
+
+    out.positionCS = positionCS;
+    out.instance = instanceID;
+    out.texCoord = texCoord;
+    return out;
+}
+
+[shader("fragment")]
+float4 fragmentMain(Varyings frag) : SV_Target {
+    let image = _Images[frag.instance];
+    let texel = texture2DAA(_Textures[image.texture], _Sampler, frag.texCoord);
+    return texel * image.tint;
+}

assets/shaders/gui_image.vert

@@ -1,32 +0,0 @@
-#version 460
-#extension GL_EXT_nonuniform_qualifier : require
-#extension GL_EXT_scalar_block_layout : require
-#extension GL_EXT_shader_16bit_storage : require
-
-out Varyings {
-    layout(location = 0) flat uint instance;
-    layout(location = 1) vec2 texCoord;
-} var;
-
-#include "includes/gui_image_common.glsl"
-
-const vec2 VERTICES[4] = vec2[](
-    vec2(0, 1),
-    vec2(1, 1),
-    vec2(0, 0),
-    vec2(1, 0)
-);
-
-#define IMAGE _Images[gl_InstanceIndex]
-#define VERTEX VERTICES[gl_VertexIndex]
-
-void main() {
-    vec2 positionSSPX = VERTEX * IMAGE.sizePX + IMAGE.positionSSPX;
-    vec4 positionCS = vec4(_Global.matrixSSPXtoCS * vec3(positionSSPX, 1.0), 0.0, 1.0);
-
-    vec2 texCoord = VERTEX * (IMAGE.uvMax - IMAGE.uvMin) + IMAGE.uvMin;
-
-    gl_Position = positionCS;
-    var.instance = gl_InstanceIndex;
-    var.texCoord = texCoord;
-}

assets/shaders/gui_text.frag

@@ -1,15 +0,0 @@
-#version 460
-#extension GL_EXT_nonuniform_qualifier : require
-#extension GL_EXT_scalar_block_layout : require
-#extension GL_EXT_shader_16bit_storage : require
-
-uint calcRootCode(float y1, float y2, float y3) {
-    uint i1 = floatBitsToUint(y1) >> 31U;
-    uint i2 = floatBitsToUint(y2) >> 30U;
-    uint i3 = floatBitsToUint(y3) >> 29U;
-
-    uint shift = (i2 & 2U) | (i1 & ~2U);
-    shift = (i3 & 4U) | (shift & ~4U);
-
-    return ((0x2E74U >> shift) & 0x0101U);
-}

assets/shaders/gui_text.slang

@@ -0,0 +1,274 @@
+import "includes/structs";
+
+struct Varyings {
+    float4 positionCS : SV_Position;
+    nointerpolation uint instance;
+    float2 texCoordEM;
+}
+
+struct GuiText {
+    float4 color;
+    float2 bottomLeftSSPX;
+    float fontSizePX;
+    // Index into _GlyphData[font]
+    uint16_t glyph;
+    // Index into _GlyphData, _ControlPoints and _BandData
+    uint16_t font;
+}
+
+struct GlyphData {
+    float2 bottomLeftEM;
+    float2 sizeEM;
+    // Index into _BandData of the first vertical/horizontal band data.
+    // `bandPtr.x` refers to vertical bands and `bandPtr.y` refers to horizontal
+    // bands.
+    uint2 bandPtr;
+    // Number of vertical/horizontal bands. `bandCount.x` is the number of
+    // vertical bands and `bandCount.y` is the number of horizontal bands.
+    uint2 bandCount;
+}
+
+[[vk::binding(0, 0)]] ConstantBuffer<GlobalUniforms> _Global;
+[[vk::binding(1, 0)]] StructuredBuffer<GuiText> _Instances;
+[[vk::binding(2, 0)]] StructuredBuffer<GlyphData> _GlyphData[];
+[[vk::binding(3, 0)]] StructuredBuffer<half2> _ControlPoints[];
+[[vk::binding(4, 0)]] StructuredBuffer<uint> _BandData[];
+
+static const float2 VERTICES[4] = {
+    float2(0, 1),
+    float2(1, 1),
+    float2(0, 0),
+    float2(1, 0),
+};
+
+// Classify a quadratic Bézier curve based on the sign bits of the ray-relative
+// Y coordinates. Returns `(t2 << 1) | t1` where `t1` and `t2` are bits
+// signifying the root eligibility; `t1` possibly adding one to the winding
+// number and `t2` possibly subtracting one from the winding number.
+uint classifyQuadCurve(float y0, float y1, float y2)
+{
+    // ┌─────┰────┬────┬────┰────┬────┐
+    // │class┃ y2 │ y1 │ y0 ┃ t2 │ t1 │
+    // ├─────╂────┼────┼────╂────┼────┤
+    // │  A  ┃  0 │  0 │  0 ┃  0 │  0 │
+    // │  B  ┃  0 │  0 │  1 ┃  1 │  0 │
+    // │  C  ┃  0 │  1 │  0 ┃  1 │  1 │
+    // │  D  ┃  0 │  1 │  1 ┃  1 │  0 │
+    // │  E  ┃  1 │  0 │  0 ┃  0 │  1 │
+    // │  F  ┃  1 │  0 │  1 ┃  1 │  1 │
+    // │  G  ┃  1 │  1 │  0 ┃  0 │  1 │
+    // │  H  ┃  1 │  1 │  1 ┃  0 │  0 │
+    // └─────┸────┴────┴────┸────┴────┘
+    //
+    // Lookup table constant:
+    //  H  G  F  E  D  C  B  A
+    // 00 01 11 01 10 11 10 00 = 0x1DB8
+
+    let sign0 = asuint(y0) >> 31;
+    let sign1 = asuint(y1) >> 31;
+    let sign2 = asuint(y2) >> 31;
+
+    let class = (sign0 << 0) | (sign1 << 1) | (sign2 << 2);
+    let shift = 2 * class;
+
+    return (0x1DB8 >> shift) & 0b11U;
+}
+
+// Find intersections between a quadratic Bézier curve and `y = 0` line by
+// solving a quadratic equation.
+//
+// Returns the X coordinates at witch the intersections occur for roots t1 and
+// t2. Imaginary solutions to the quadratic equation will return double root at
+// the global minimum.
+float2 raycastQuadCurveHorizontally(float2 cp0, float2 cp1, float2 cp2)
+{
+    static const float EPSILON = 1.0 / 65536.0;
+
+    // When solving for y = 0, we get a quadratic polynomial given by:
+    //
+    // at² - 2bt + c
+    //
+    // where:
+    // * a = cp0.y - 2 * cp1.y + cp2.y
+    // * b = cp0.y - cp1.y
+    // * c = cp0.y
+    //
+    // Let Δ = b² - ac
+    // Then:
+    //
+    // t1 = (b - sqrt(Δ)) / a
+    // t2 = (b + sqrt(Δ)) / a
+
+    let a = cp0 - 2.0 * cp1 + cp2;
+    let b = cp0 - cp1;
+    let c = cp0;
+
+    let Δ = sqrt(max(b.y * b.y - a.y * c.y, 0.0));
+    var t = (b.y + float2(-Δ, Δ)) / a.y;
+
+    // If nearly linear, solve -2bt + c = 0 directly
+    if (abs(a.y) < EPSILON) {
+        t = float2(0.5 * c.y / b.y);
+    }
+
+    return (a.x * t - 2.0 * b.x) * t + c.x;
+}
+
+// Find intersections between a quadratic Bézier curve and `x = 0` line by
+// solving a quadratic equation.
+//
+// Returns the Y coordinates at witch the intersections occur for roots t1 and
+// t2. Imaginary solutions to the quadratic equation will return double root at
+// the global minimum.
+float2 raycastQuadCurveVertically(float2 cp0, float2 cp1, float2 cp2)
+{
+    static const float EPSILON = 1.0 / 65536.0;
+
+    let a = cp0 - 2.0 * cp1 + cp2;
+    let b = cp0 - cp1;
+    let c = cp0;
+
+    let Δ = sqrt(max(b.x * b.x - a.x * c.x, 0.0));
+    var t = (b.x + float2(-Δ, Δ)) / a.x;
+
+    if (abs(a.x) < EPSILON) {
+        t = float2(0.5 * c.x / b.x);
+    }
+
+    return (a.y * t - 2.0 * b.y) * t + c.y;
+}
+
+float calculateCoverage(float xCoverage, float yCoverage, float xWeight, float yWeight) {
+    static const float EPSILON = 1.0 / 65536.0;
+
+    var coverage = max(
+        abs(xCoverage * xWeight + yCoverage * yWeight) / max(xWeight + yWeight, EPSILON),
+        min(abs(xCoverage), abs(yCoverage)),
+    );
+    // non-zero fill rule
+    coverage = saturate(coverage);
+
+    return coverage;
+}
+
+[shader("vertex")]
+Varyings vertexMain(uint vertexID : SV_VulkanVertexID, uint instanceID : SV_VulkanInstanceID) {
+    Varyings out;
+
+    let vertex = VERTICES[vertexID];
+    let instance = _Instances[instanceID];
+    let glyph = _GlyphData[instance.font][instance.glyph];
+    let normal = 2.0 * vertex - 1.0;
+
+    let sizePX = instance.fontSizePX * glyph.sizeEM;
+
+    let positionSSPX = vertex * float2(sizePX.x, -sizePX.y) + instance.bottomLeftSSPX;
+    let dilatedPositionSSPX = positionSSPX + 0.5 * normal;
+    let dilatedPositionCS = float4(mul(_Global.matrixSSPXtoCS, float3(positionSSPX, 1.0)), 0.0, 1.0);
+
+    let texCoordEM = vertex * glyph.sizeEM + glyph.bottomLeftEM;
+    let dilatedTexCoordEM = texCoordEM + (0.5 / instance.fontSizePX) * normal;
+
+    out.positionCS = dilatedPositionCS;
+    out.instance = instanceID;
+    out.texCoordEM = dilatedTexCoordEM;
+    return out;
+}
+
+[shader("fragment")]
+float4 fragmentMain(Varyings frag) : SV_Target {
+    let instance = _Instances[frag.instance];
+    let glyph = _GlyphData[instance.font][instance.glyph];
+    let bandData = _BandData[instance.font];
+    let controlPoints = _ControlPoints[instance.font];
+
+    let emPerPX = fwidth(frag.texCoordEM);
+    let pxPerEM = 1.0 / emPerPX;
+
+    let bandF = float2(glyph.bandCount) * (frag.texCoordEM - glyph.bottomLeftEM) / glyph.sizeEM;
+    let band = uint2(clamp(bandF, float2(0, 0), float2(glyph.bandCount - 1U)));
+
+    // --- HORIZONTAL BAND -----------------------------------------------------
+
+    var xCoverage = 0.0;
+    var xWeight = 0.0;
+
+    let horizontalBandPtr = glyph.bandPtr.y + band.y;
+    let horizontalBandData = bandData[horizontalBandPtr];
+    let horizontalBandCurvePtr = horizontalBandPtr + (horizontalBandData >> 16);
+    let horizontalBandCurveCount = horizontalBandData & 0xFFFF;
+
+    for (uint horizontalBandCurveID = 0; horizontalBandCurveID < horizontalBandCurveCount; horizontalBandCurveID++) {
+        let cpPtr = bandData[horizontalBandCurvePtr + horizontalBandCurveID];
+        let cp0 = float2(controlPoints[cpPtr + 0]) - frag.texCoordEM;
+        let cp1 = float2(controlPoints[cpPtr + 1]) - frag.texCoordEM;
+        let cp2 = float2(controlPoints[cpPtr + 2]) - frag.texCoordEM;
+
+        if (max(max(cp0.x, cp1.x), cp2.x) * pxPerEM.x < -0.5) break; // XXX
+
+        let rootFlags = classifyQuadCurve(cp0.y, cp1.y, cp2.y);
+        if (rootFlags != 0U) {
+
+            let result = raycastQuadCurveHorizontally(cp0, cp1, cp2) * pxPerEM.x;
+
+            // consider t1 at X position result.x
+            if ((rootFlags & 0b01U) != 0U) {
+                xCoverage += saturate(result.x + 0.5);
+                xWeight = max(xWeight, saturate(1.0 - abs(result.x) * 2.0));
+            }
+
+            // consider t2 at X position result.y
+            if ((rootFlags & 0b10U) != 0U) {
+                xCoverage -= saturate(result.y + 0.5);
+                xWeight = max(xWeight, saturate(1.0 - abs(result.y) * 2.0));
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    // --- VERTICAL BAND -------------------------------------------------------
+
+    var yCoverage = 0.0;
+    var yWeight = 0.0;
+
+    let verticalBandPtr = glyph.bandPtr.x + band.x;
+    let verticalBandData = bandData[verticalBandPtr];
+    let verticalBandCurvePtr = verticalBandPtr + (verticalBandData >> 16);
+    let verticalBandCurveCount = verticalBandData & 0xFFFF;
+
+    for (uint verticalBandCurveID = 0; verticalBandCurveID < verticalBandCurveCount; verticalBandCurveID++) {
+        let cpPtr = bandData[verticalBandCurvePtr + verticalBandCurveID];
+        let cp0 = float2(controlPoints[cpPtr + 0]) - frag.texCoordEM;
+        let cp1 = float2(controlPoints[cpPtr + 1]) - frag.texCoordEM;
+        let cp2 = float2(controlPoints[cpPtr + 2]) - frag.texCoordEM;
+
+        if (max(max(cp0.y, cp1.y), cp2.y) * pxPerEM.y < -0.5) break; // XXX
+
+        let rootFlags = classifyQuadCurve(cp0.x, cp1.x, cp2.x);
+        if (rootFlags != 0U) {
+
+            let result = raycastQuadCurveVertically(cp0, cp1, cp2) * pxPerEM.y;
+
+            // consider t1 at Y position result.x
+            if ((rootFlags & 0b01U) != 0U)
+            {
+                yCoverage -= saturate(result.x + 0.5);
+                yWeight = max(yWeight, saturate(1.0 - abs(result.x) * 2.0));
+            }
+
+            // consider t2 at Y position result.y
+            if ((rootFlags & 0b10U) != 0U)
+            {
+                yCoverage += saturate(result.y + 0.5);
+                yWeight = max(yWeight, saturate(1.0 - abs(result.y) * 2.0));
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    // --- RESOLVE -------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    let coverage = calculateCoverage(xCoverage, yCoverage, xWeight, yWeight) * instance.color.a;
+    return float4(
+        coverage * instance.color.rgb,
+        coverage,
+    );
+}

assets/shaders/gui_text.vert

@@ -1,10 +0,0 @@
-#version 460
-#extension GL_EXT_nonuniform_qualifier : require
-#extension GL_EXT_scalar_block_layout : require
-#extension GL_EXT_shader_16bit_storage : require
-
-layout(location = 0) in vec4 positionOS_normalOS;
-layout(location = 1) in vec4 texCoordEM_band_flags;
-layout(location = 2) in vec4 jacobian;
-layout(location = 3) in vec4 scale_offset;
-layout(location = 4) in vec4 color;

assets/shaders/includes/global_uniforms.glsl

@@ -1,6 +0,0 @@
-layout(set = 0, binding = 0, scalar) uniform GlobalUniforms {
-    mat4 matrixWStoVS;
-    mat4 matrixVStoCS;
-    mat3x2 matrixSSPXtoCS;
-    vec3 ambientLight;
-} _Global;

assets/shaders/includes/gui_box_common.glsl

@@ -1,14 +0,0 @@
-struct Box {
-    vec4 backgroundColor;
-    vec4 borderColor;
-    vec2 positionSSPX;
-    vec2 sizePX;
-    float borderWidthPX;
-    float borderRadiusPX;
-};
-
-#include "global_uniforms.glsl"
-
-layout(set = 0, binding = 1, scalar) readonly buffer Boxes {
-    Box _Boxes[];
-};

assets/shaders/includes/gui_image_common.glsl

@@ -1,17 +0,0 @@
-struct Image {
-    vec4 tint;
-    vec2 positionSSPX;
-    vec2 sizePX;
-    vec2 uvMin;
-    vec2 uvMax;
-    uint16_t textureId;
-};
-
-#include "global_uniforms.glsl"
-
-layout(set = 0, binding = 1, scalar) readonly buffer Images {
-    Image _Images[];
-};
-
-layout(set = 0, binding = 2) uniform sampler _Sampler;
-layout(set = 0, binding = 3) uniform texture2D _Textures[];

assets/shaders/includes/main_common.glsl

@@ -1,58 +0,0 @@
-// --- SET 0 --- GLOBAL --------------------------------------------------------
-
-struct PointLight {
-    vec3 positionWS;
-    vec3 color;
-};
-
-struct DirectionalLight {
-    vec3 directionWS;
-    vec3 color;
-};
-
-struct Material {
-    vec3 baseColor;
-    vec3 emissive;
-    float ior;
-    float metallic;
-    float normalScale;
-    float occlusionTextureStrength;
-    float roughness;
-
-    uint16_t baseColorTexture;
-    uint16_t emissiveTexture;
-    uint16_t normalTexture;
-    uint16_t occlusionRoughnessMetallicTexture;
-};
-
-struct ObjectUniforms {
-    mat4 matrixOStoWS;
-    mat4 matrixOStoWSNormal;
-
-    uint16_t material;
-};
-
-#include "global_uniforms.glsl"
-
-layout(set = 0, binding = 1, scalar) readonly buffer PointLights {
-    uint count;
-    PointLight lights[];
-} _PointLights;
-
-layout(set = 0, binding = 2, scalar) readonly buffer DirectionalLights {
-    uint count;
-    DirectionalLight lights[];
-} _DirectionalLights;
-
-layout(set = 0, binding = 3, scalar) readonly buffer Materials {
-    Material _Materials[];
-};
-
-layout(set = 0, binding = 4) uniform sampler _Sampler;
-layout(set = 0, binding = 5) uniform texture2D _Textures[];
-
-// --- SET 1 --- PER BATCH -----------------------------------------------------
-
-layout(set = 1, binding = 0, scalar) readonly buffer ObjectsUniforms {
-    ObjectUniforms _Object[];
-};

assets/shaders/includes/math.slang

@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
+import "structs";
+
+static const float INV_PI = 0.31830987;
+static const float HALF_INV_PI = 0.15915494;
+
+static const float3 F90 = float3(1.0);
+
+float4 texture2DAA(Texture2D texture, SamplerState sampler, float2 texCoord) {
+    uint width, height;
+    texture.GetDimensions(width, height);
+    let size = float2(width, height);
+
+    var texCoordPX = texCoord * size;
+    let seam = floor(texCoordPX + 0.5);
+
+    texCoordPX = (texCoordPX - seam) / fwidth(texCoordPX) + seam;
+    texCoordPX = clamp(texCoordPX, seam - 0.5, seam + 0.5);
+
+    texCoord = texCoordPX / size;
+    return texture.Sample(sampler, texCoord);
+}
+
+float3 fresnelSchlick(float dotVH, float3 f0) {
+    return lerp(f0, F90, pow(1.0 - dotVH, 5.0));
+}
+
+float visibilityGGX(float dotNL, float dotNV, float alpha) {
+    let alphaSquared = alpha * alpha;
+
+    let vGGX = dotNL * sqrt(dotNV * dotNV * (1.0 - alphaSquared) + alphaSquared);
+    let lGGX = dotNV * sqrt(dotNL * dotNL * (1.0 - alphaSquared) + alphaSquared);
+    let GGX = vGGX + lGGX;
+    return select(GGX > 0.0, 0.5 / GGX, 0.0);
+}
+
+float distributionGGX(float dotNH, float alpha) {
+    let alphaSquared = alpha * alpha;
+    let tmp = dotNH * dotNH * (alphaSquared - 1.0) + 1.0;
+    return alphaSquared * INV_PI / (tmp * tmp);
+}
+
+float3 lightOutgoingRadiance(
+    float3 viewDirectionVS, float3 normalVS, float dotNV,
+    Surface surf, IncomingLight light,
+) {
+    let halfVectorVS = normalize(light.directionVS + viewDirectionVS);
+    let dotVH = saturate(dot(viewDirectionVS, halfVectorVS));
+    let dotNH = saturate(dot(normalVS, halfVectorVS));
+    let dotNL = saturate(dot(normalVS, light.directionVS));
+
+    let fresnel = fresnelSchlick(dotVH, surf.f0);
+    let visibility = visibilityGGX(dotNL, dotNV, surf.alpha);
+    let distribution = distributionGGX(dotNH, surf.alpha);
+
+    let scatteredFactor = (1.0 - fresnel) * (1.0 - surf.metallic) * surf.baseColor * INV_PI;
+    let reflectedFactor = fresnel * visibility * distribution;
+
+    return (scatteredFactor + reflectedFactor) * light.radiance * dotNL;
+}
+
+float3 toneMapAcesNarkowicz(float3 color) {
+    static const float A = 2.51;
+    static const float B = 0.03;
+    static const float C = 2.43;
+    static const float D = 0.59;
+    static const float E = 0.14;
+    return saturate((color * (A * color + B)) / (color * (C * color + D) + E));
+}
+
+float3 linearToSrgbColor(float3 color) {
+    return pow(color, 1.0 / 2.2);
+}
+
+float boxSDF(float2 p, float2 center, float2 halfExtents, float borderRadius) {
+    let q = abs(p - center) - halfExtents + borderRadius;
+    return min(max(q.x, q.y), 0.0) + length(max(q, 0.0)) - borderRadius;
+}

assets/shaders/includes/structs.slang

@@ -0,0 +1,83 @@
+struct GlobalUniforms {
+    float3x4 matrixWStoVS;
+    float4x4 matrixVStoCS;
+    float2x3 matrixSSPXtoCS;
+
+    uint pointLightCount;
+    uint directionalLightCount;
+    float3 ambientLight;
+}
+
+struct PointLight {
+    float3 positionWS;
+    float3 color;
+
+    IncomingLight getIncoming(float3x4 matrixWStoVS, float3 positionVS) {
+        IncomingLight light;
+
+        let lightPositionVS = mul(matrixWStoVS, float4(positionWS, 1.0));
+        let lightDirectionVS = normalize(lightPositionVS - positionVS);
+        let lightDistance = distance(positionVS, lightPositionVS);
+        let lightAttenuation = 1.0 / (lightDistance * lightDistance);
+        let incomingRadiance = color * lightAttenuation;
+
+        light.radiance = incomingRadiance;
+        light.directionVS = lightDirectionVS;
+        return light;
+    }
+}
+
+struct DirectionalLight {
+    float3 directionWS;
+    float3 color;
+
+    IncomingLight getIncoming(float3x4 matrixWStoVS) {
+        IncomingLight light;
+
+        light.radiance = color;
+        light.directionVS = normalize(mul(matrixWStoVS, float4(-directionWS, 0.0)));
+        return light;
+    }
+}
+
+struct Material {
+    float3 baseColor;
+    float3 emissive;
+    float ior;
+    float metallic;
+    float normalScale;
+    float occlusionTextureStrength;
+    float roughness;
+
+    uint16_t baseColorTexture;
+    uint16_t emissiveTexture;
+    uint16_t normalTexture;
+    uint16_t occlusionRoughnessMetallicTexture;
+}
+
+struct ObjectUniforms {
+    // Limited to a composition of translation and rotation
+    float3x4 matrixOStoWS;
+    float2x3 texCoordTransform;
+
+    uint16_t material;
+}
+
+struct Surface {
+    float3 baseColor;
+    float alpha;
+    float metallic;
+    float3 f0;
+
+    __init(float3 baseColor, float alpha, float metallic, float3 f0) {
+        this.baseColor = baseColor;
+        this.alpha = alpha;
+        this.metallic = metallic;
+        this.f0 = f0;
+    }
+}
+
+struct IncomingLight {
+    float3 radiance;
+    float3 directionVS;
+}

assets/shaders/includes/tone_mapping.glsl

@@ -1,8 +0,0 @@
-vec3 toneMapAcesNarkowicz(vec3 color) {
-    const float A = 2.51;
-    const float B = 0.03;
-    const float C = 2.43;
-    const float D = 0.59;
-    const float E = 0.14;
-    return clamp((color * (A * color + B)) / (color * (C * color + D) + E), 0.0, 1.0);
-}

assets/shaders/main.frag

@@ -1,146 +0,0 @@
-#version 460
-#extension GL_EXT_nonuniform_qualifier : require
-#extension GL_EXT_scalar_block_layout : require
-#extension GL_EXT_shader_16bit_storage : require
-
-in Varyings {
-    layout(location = 0) flat uint instance;
-    layout(location = 1) vec3 positionVS;
-    layout(location = 2) vec2 texCoord;
-    layout(location = 3) vec3 normalVS;
-    layout(location = 4) vec3 tangentVS;
-    layout(location = 5) vec3 bitangentVS;
-} var;
-
-#include "includes/main_common.glsl"
-#include "includes/tone_mapping.glsl"
-
-layout(location = 0) out vec4 fragColor;
-
-const float INV_PI = 0.31830987;
-const float IOR = 1.45;
-const vec3 F90 = vec3(1.0);
-
-vec3 fresnelSchlick(float dotVH, vec3 f0) {
-    return mix(f0, F90, pow(1.0 - dotVH, 5.0));
-}
-
-float visibilityGGX(float dotNL, float dotNV, float alpha) {
-    float alphaSquared = alpha * alpha;
-
-    float vGGX = dotNL * sqrt(dotNV * dotNV * (1.0 - alphaSquared) + alphaSquared);
-    float lGGX = dotNV * sqrt(dotNL * dotNL * (1.0 - alphaSquared) + alphaSquared);
-    float GGX = vGGX + lGGX;
-    return mix(0.0, 0.5 / GGX, GGX > 0.0);
-}
-
-float distributionGGX(float dotNH, float alpha) {
-    float alphaSquared = alpha * alpha;
-    float tmp = dotNH * dotNH * (alphaSquared - 1.0) + 1.0;
-    return alphaSquared * INV_PI / (tmp * tmp);
-}
-
-vec3 lightOutgoingRadiance(
-    vec3 viewDirectionVS, vec3 normalVS, float dotNV,
-    vec3 baseColor, float alpha, float metallic, vec3 f0,
-    vec3 incomingRadiance, vec3 lightDirectionVS
-) {
-    vec3 halfVectorVS = normalize(lightDirectionVS + viewDirectionVS);
-    float dotVH = clamp(dot(viewDirectionVS, halfVectorVS), 0.0, 1.0);
-    float dotNH = clamp(dot(normalVS, halfVectorVS), 0.0, 1.0);
-    float dotNL = clamp(dot(normalVS, lightDirectionVS), 0.0, 1.0);
-
-    vec3 fresnel = fresnelSchlick(dotVH, f0);
-    float visibility = visibilityGGX(dotNL, dotNV, alpha);
-    float distribution = distributionGGX(dotNH, alpha);
-
-    vec3 scatteredFactor = (1.0 - fresnel) * (1.0 - metallic) * baseColor * INV_PI;
-    vec3 reflectedFactor = fresnel * visibility * distribution;
-
-    return (scatteredFactor + reflectedFactor) * incomingRadiance * dotNL;
-}
-
-vec4 texture2DAA(texture2D tex, vec2 texCoord) {
-    vec2 size = vec2(textureSize(sampler2D(tex, _Sampler), 0).xy);
-    vec2 texCoordPX = texCoord * size;
-    vec2 seam = floor(texCoordPX + vec2(0.5));
-
-    texCoordPX = (texCoordPX - seam) / fwidth(texCoordPX) + seam;
-    texCoordPX = clamp(texCoordPX, seam - 0.5, seam + 0.5);
-
-    texCoord = texCoordPX / size;
-    return texture(sampler2D(tex, _Sampler), texCoord);
-}
-
-#define OBJECT _Object[var.instance]
-#define MATERIAL _Materials[uint(OBJECT.material)]
-
-void main() {
-    vec4 baseColorTexel = texture2DAA(_Textures[uint(MATERIAL.baseColorTexture)], var.texCoord);
-    if (baseColorTexel.a < 0.5) {
-        discard;
-    }
-
-    vec4 occlusionRoughnessMetallicTexel = texture2DAA(_Textures[uint(MATERIAL.occlusionRoughnessMetallicTexture)], var.texCoord);
-    vec4 normalTexel = texture2DAA(_Textures[uint(MATERIAL.normalTexture)], var.texCoord);
-    vec4 emissiveTexel = texture2DAA(_Textures[uint(MATERIAL.emissiveTexture)], var.texCoord);
-
-    vec3 baseColor = MATERIAL.baseColor * baseColorTexel.rgb;
-    float occlusion = 1.0 + MATERIAL.occlusionTextureStrength * (occlusionRoughnessMetallicTexel.r - 1.0);
-    float roughness = MATERIAL.roughness * occlusionRoughnessMetallicTexel.g;
-    float metallic = MATERIAL.metallic * occlusionRoughnessMetallicTexel.b;
-    vec3 emissive = MATERIAL.emissive * emissiveTexel.rgb;
-    float ior = MATERIAL.ior;
-
-    vec3 tangentVS = normalize(var.tangentVS);
-    vec3 bitangentVS = normalize(var.bitangentVS);
-    mat3 matrixTStoVS = mat3(tangentVS, bitangentVS, var.normalVS);
-    vec3 normalTS = normalTexel.xyz;
-    vec3 normalVS = normalize(matrixTStoVS * normalTS);
-
-    vec3 positionVS = var.positionVS;
-    vec3 viewDirectionVS = normalize(-positionVS);
-    float dotNV = clamp(dot(normalVS, viewDirectionVS), 0.0, 1.0);
-    float alpha = roughness * roughness;
-
-    vec3 f0 = vec3(pow((ior - 1.0) / (ior + 1.0), 2.0));
-    f0 = mix(f0, baseColor, metallic);
-
-    vec3 outgoingRadiance = vec3(0.0);
-
-    for (uint i = 0; i < _PointLights.count; i++) {
-        PointLight light = _PointLights.lights[i];
-
-        vec3 lightPositionVS = (_Global.matrixWStoVS * vec4(light.positionWS, 1.0)).xyz;
-        vec3 lightDirectionVS = normalize(lightPositionVS - positionVS);
-        float lightDistance = distance(positionVS, lightPositionVS);
-        float lightAttenuation = 1.0 / (lightDistance * lightDistance);
-        vec3 incomingRadiance = light.color * lightAttenuation;
-
-        outgoingRadiance += lightOutgoingRadiance(
-            viewDirectionVS, normalVS, dotNV,
-            baseColor, alpha, metallic, f0,
-            incomingRadiance, lightDirectionVS
-        );
-    }
-
-    for (int i = 0; i < _DirectionalLights.count; i++) {
-        DirectionalLight light = _DirectionalLights.lights[i];
-
-        vec3 lightDirectionVS = normalize((_Global.matrixWStoVS * vec4(-light.directionWS, 0.0)).xyz);
-        vec3 incomingRadiance = light.color;
-
-        outgoingRadiance += lightOutgoingRadiance(
-            viewDirectionVS, normalVS, dotNV,
-            baseColor, alpha, metallic, f0,
-            incomingRadiance, lightDirectionVS
-        );
-    }
-
-    outgoingRadiance += _Global.ambientLight * baseColor * occlusion;
-
-    vec3 toneMappedLinearColor = toneMapAcesNarkowicz(outgoingRadiance);
-    vec3 toneMappedSrgbColor = pow(toneMappedLinearColor, vec3(1.0 / 2.2));
-
-    fragColor = vec4(toneMappedSrgbColor, 1.0);
-}

assets/shaders/main.slang

@@ -0,0 +1,124 @@
+import "includes/math";
+import "includes/structs";
+
+struct Vertex {
+    [[vk::location(0)]] float3 positionOS;
+    [[vk::location(1)]] float2 texCoord;
+    [[vk::location(2)]] float3 normalOS;
+    [[vk::location(3)]] float4 tangentOS;
+}
+
+struct Varyings {
+    float4 positionCS : SV_Position;
+    nointerpolation uint instance;
+    float3 positionVS;
+    float2 texCoord;
+    float3 normalVS;
+    float3 tangentVS;
+    float3 bitangentVS;
+}
+
+[[vk::binding(0, 0)]] ConstantBuffer<GlobalUniforms> _Global;
+[[vk::binding(1, 0)]] StructuredBuffer<PointLight> _PointLights;
+[[vk::binding(2, 0)]] StructuredBuffer<DirectionalLight> _DirectionalLights;
+[[vk::binding(3, 0)]] StructuredBuffer<Material> _Materials;
+[[vk::binding(4, 0)]] SamplerState _Sampler;
+[[vk::binding(5, 0)]] Texture2D _Textures[];
+
+[[vk::binding(0, 1)]] StructuredBuffer<ObjectUniforms> _Objects;
+
+[shader("vertex")]
+Varyings vertexMain(Vertex vert, uint instanceID : SV_VulkanInstanceID) {
+    Varyings out;
+
+    let object = _Objects[instanceID];
+
+    let positionWS = mul(object.matrixOStoWS, float4(vert.positionOS, 1.0));
+    let positionVS = mul(_Global.matrixWStoVS, float4(positionWS, 1.0));
+    let positionCS = mul(_Global.matrixVStoCS, float4(positionVS, 1.0));
+
+    let texCoord = mul(object.texCoordTransform, float3(vert.texCoord, 1.0));
+
+    let normalWS = normalize(mul(object.matrixOStoWS, float4(vert.normalOS, 0.0)));
+    let normalVS = normalize(mul(_Global.matrixWStoVS, float4(normalWS, 0.0)));
+
+    let tangentWS = normalize(mul(object.matrixOStoWS, float4(vert.tangentOS.xyz, 0.0)));
+    let tangentVS = normalize(mul(_Global.matrixWStoVS, float4(tangentWS, 0.0)));
+
+    let bitangentVS = vert.tangentOS.w * normalize(cross(normalVS, tangentVS));
+
+    out.positionCS = positionCS;
+    out.instance = instanceID;
+    out.positionVS = positionVS;
+    out.texCoord = texCoord;
+    out.normalVS = normalVS;
+    out.tangentVS = tangentVS;
+    out.bitangentVS = bitangentVS;
+    return out;
+}
+
+[shader("fragment")]
+float4 fragmentMain(Varyings frag) : SV_Target {
+    let material = _Materials[_Objects[frag.instance].material];
+
+    let baseColorTexel = texture2DAA(_Textures[material.baseColorTexture], _Sampler, frag.texCoord);
+    if (baseColorTexel.a < 0.5) {
+        discard;
+    }
+
+    let occlusionRoughnessMetallicTexel = texture2DAA(_Textures[material.occlusionRoughnessMetallicTexture], _Sampler, frag.texCoord);
+    let normalTexel = texture2DAA(_Textures[material.normalTexture], _Sampler, frag.texCoord);
+    let emissiveTexel = texture2DAA(_Textures[material.emissiveTexture], _Sampler, frag.texCoord);
+
+    let baseColor = material.baseColor * baseColorTexel.rgb;
+    let occlusion = 1.0 + material.occlusionTextureStrength * (occlusionRoughnessMetallicTexel.r - 1.0);
+    let roughness = material.roughness * occlusionRoughnessMetallicTexel.g;
+    let metallic = material.metallic * occlusionRoughnessMetallicTexel.b;
+    let emissive = material.emissive * emissiveTexel.rgb;
+    let ior = material.ior;
+
+    let tangentVS = normalize(frag.tangentVS);
+    let bitangentVS = normalize(frag.bitangentVS);
+    let matrixTStoVS = transpose(float3x3(tangentVS, bitangentVS, frag.normalVS));
+    let normalTS = normalTexel.xyz;
+    let normalVS = normalize(mul(matrixTStoVS, normalTS));
+
+    let positionVS = frag.positionVS;
+    let viewDirectionVS = normalize(-positionVS);
+    let dotNV = saturate(dot(normalVS, viewDirectionVS));
+    let alpha = roughness * roughness;
+
+    var f0 = float3(pow((ior - 1.0) / (ior + 1.0), 2.0));
+    f0 = lerp(f0, baseColor, metallic);
+
+    let surface = Surface(baseColor, alpha, metallic, f0);
+
+    var outgoingRadiance = float3(0.0);
+
+    let pointLightCount = _Global.pointLightCount;
+    for (uint i = 0; i < pointLightCount; i++) {
+        let light = _PointLights[i].getIncoming(_Global.matrixWStoVS, positionVS);
+
+        outgoingRadiance += lightOutgoingRadiance(
+            viewDirectionVS, normalVS, dotNV,
+            surface, light,
+        );
+    }
+
+    let directionalLightCount = _Global.directionalLightCount;
+    for (uint i = 0; i < directionalLightCount; i++) {
+        let light = _DirectionalLights[i].getIncoming(_Global.matrixWStoVS);
+
+        outgoingRadiance += lightOutgoingRadiance(
+            viewDirectionVS, normalVS, dotNV,
+            surface, light,
+        );
+    }
+
+    outgoingRadiance += _Global.ambientLight * baseColor * occlusion;
+
+    let toneMappedLinearColor = toneMapAcesNarkowicz(outgoingRadiance);
+    let toneMappedSrgbColor = linearToSrgbColor(toneMappedLinearColor);
+
+    return float4(toneMappedSrgbColor, 1.0);
+}

assets/shaders/main.vert

@@ -1,44 +0,0 @@
-#version 460
-#extension GL_EXT_nonuniform_qualifier : require
-#extension GL_EXT_scalar_block_layout : require
-#extension GL_EXT_shader_16bit_storage : require
-
-layout(location = 0) in vec3 positionOS;
-layout(location = 1) in vec2 texCoord;
-layout(location = 2) in vec3 normalOS;
-layout(location = 3) in vec4 tangentOS;
-
-out Varyings {
-    layout(location = 0) flat uint instance;
-    layout(location = 1) vec3 positionVS;
-    layout(location = 2) vec2 texCoord;
-    layout(location = 3) vec3 normalVS;
-    layout(location = 4) vec3 tangentVS;
-    layout(location = 5) vec3 bitangentVS;
-} var;
-
-#include "includes/main_common.glsl"
-
-#define OBJECT _Object[gl_InstanceIndex]
-
-void main() {
-    vec3 positionWS = (OBJECT.matrixOStoWS * vec4(positionOS, 1.0)).xyz;
-    vec3 positionVS = (_Global.matrixWStoVS * vec4(positionWS, 1.0)).xyz;
-    vec4 positionCS = _Global.matrixVStoCS * vec4(positionVS, 1.0);
-
-    vec3 normalWS = normalize((OBJECT.matrixOStoWSNormal * vec4(normalOS, 0.0)).xyz);
-    vec3 normalVS = normalize((_Global.matrixWStoVS * vec4(normalWS, 0.0)).xyz);
-
-    vec3 tangentWS = normalize((OBJECT.matrixOStoWSNormal * vec4(tangentOS.xyz, 0.0)).xyz);
-    vec3 tangentVS = normalize((_Global.matrixWStoVS * vec4(tangentWS, 0.0)).xyz);
-
-    vec3 bitangentVS = tangentOS.w * normalize(cross(normalVS, tangentVS));
-
-    gl_Position = positionCS;
-    var.instance = gl_InstanceIndex;
-    var.positionVS = positionVS;
-    var.texCoord = texCoord;
-    var.normalVS = normalVS;
-    var.tangentVS = tangentVS;
-    var.bitangentVS = bitangentVS;
-}

assets/shaders/skybox.frag

@@ -1,22 +0,0 @@
-#version 460
-
-in Varyings {
-    layout(location = 0) vec3 texCoord;
-} var;
-
-layout(set = 0, binding = 1) uniform sampler _Sampler;
-layout(set = 0, binding = 2) uniform textureCube _Texture;
-
-layout(location = 0) out vec4 fragColor;
-
-#include "includes/tone_mapping.glsl"
-
-void main() {
-    vec4 texel = texture(samplerCube(_Texture, _Sampler), var.texCoord);
-    vec3 outgoingRadiance = texel.rgb;
-
-    vec3 toneMappedLinearColor = toneMapAcesNarkowicz(outgoingRadiance);
-    vec3 toneMappedSrgbColor = pow(toneMappedLinearColor, vec3(1.0 / 2.2));
-
-    fragColor = vec4(toneMappedSrgbColor, 1.0);
-}

assets/shaders/skybox.slang

@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+import "includes/math";
+import "includes/structs";
+
+[[vk::binding(0, 0)]] ConstantBuffer<GlobalUniforms> _Global;
+[[vk::binding(1, 0)]] SamplerState _Sampler;
+[[vk::binding(2, 0)]] TextureCube _Texture;
+
+struct Vertex {
+    [[vk::location(0)]] float3 directionWS;
+}
+
+struct Varyings {
+    float4 positionCS : SV_Position;
+    float3 texCoord;
+}
+
+[shader("vertex")]
+Varyings vertexMain(Vertex vert) {
+    Varyings out;
+
+    let directionVS = mul(_Global.matrixWStoVS, float4(vert.directionWS, 0.0));
+    let directionCS = mul(_Global.matrixVStoCS, float4(directionVS, 0.0));
+
+    out.positionCS = float4(directionCS.xy, 0.0, directionCS.w);
+    out.texCoord = -vert.directionWS;
+    return out;
+}
+
+[shader("fragment")]
+float4 fragmentMain(Varyings frag) : SV_Target {
+    let texel = _Texture.Sample(_Sampler, frag.texCoord);
+    let outgoingRadiance = texel.rgb;
+
+    let toneMappedLinearColor = toneMapAcesNarkowicz(outgoingRadiance);
+    let toneMappedSrgbColor = linearToSrgbColor(toneMappedLinearColor);
+
+    return float4(toneMappedSrgbColor, 1.0);
+}

assets/shaders/skybox.vert

@@ -1,18 +0,0 @@
-#version 460
-#extension GL_EXT_scalar_block_layout : require
-
-layout(location = 0) in vec3 directionWS;
-
-out Varyings {
-    layout(location = 0) vec3 texCoord;
-} var;
-
-#include "includes/global_uniforms.glsl"
-
-void main() {
-    vec3 directionVS = (_Global.matrixWStoVS * vec4(directionWS, 0.0)).xyz;
-    vec4 directionCS = _Global.matrixVStoCS * vec4(directionVS, 0.0);
-
-    gl_Position = vec4(directionCS.xy, 0.0, directionCS.w);
-    var.texCoord = -directionWS;
-}

build.zig

@@ -48,6 +48,8 @@ pub fn build(b: *std.Build) !void {
     exe_mod.addImport("zglfw", zglfw_mod);
     exe_mod.linkLibrary(zglfw_lib);
 
+    try addShaders(b, exe_mod);
+
     const options = b.addOptions();
     options.addOption([]const u8, "version", zon.version);
     exe_mod.addOptions("config", options);
@@ -70,3 +72,37 @@ pub fn build(b: *std.Build) !void {
     const run_step = b.step("run", "Run the game");
     run_step.dependOn(&run_cmd.step);
 }
+
+fn addShaders(b: *std.Build, exe_mod: *std.Build.Module) !void {
+    var dir = try b.build_root.handle.openDir(b.graph.io, "assets/shaders", .{ .iterate = true });
+    defer dir.close(b.graph.io);
+
+    var it = dir.iterateAssumeFirstIteration();
+
+    while (try it.next(b.graph.io)) |entry| {
+        if (entry.kind != .file) continue;
+
+        const stem = std.fs.path.stem(entry.name);
+        const extension = std.fs.path.extension(entry.name);
+        if (!std.mem.eql(u8, extension, ".slang")) continue;
+
+        const slangc = b.addSystemCommand(&.{
+            "slangc",
+            "-g",
+            "-target",
+            "spirv",
+            "-fvk-use-scalar-layout",
+            "-matrix-layout-column-major",
+        });
+
+        slangc.addArg("-o");
+        const spv = slangc.addOutputFileArg(b.fmt("{s}.spv", .{stem}));
+
+        slangc.addArg("-depfile");
+        _ = slangc.addDepFileOutputArg(b.fmt("{s}.d", .{stem}));
+
+        slangc.addFileArg(b.path(b.pathJoin(&.{ "assets/shaders", entry.name })));
+
+        exe_mod.addAnonymousImport(b.fmt("shaders/{s}", .{stem}), .{ .root_source_file = spv });
+    }
+}

compile_shaders.sh

@@ -1,9 +0,0 @@
-#!/bin/sh
-
-glslc -g --target-env=vulkan1.2 assets/shaders/equirect_to_cube.comp -o src/shaders/equirect_to_cube_comp.spv
-glslc -g --target-env=vulkan1.2 assets/shaders/gui_box.frag -o src/shaders/gui_box_frag.spv
-glslc -g --target-env=vulkan1.2 assets/shaders/gui_box.vert -o src/shaders/gui_box_vert.spv
-glslc -g --target-env=vulkan1.2 assets/shaders/main.frag -o src/shaders/main_frag.spv
-glslc -g --target-env=vulkan1.2 assets/shaders/main.vert -o src/shaders/main_vert.spv
-glslc -g --target-env=vulkan1.2 assets/shaders/skybox.frag -o src/shaders/skybox_frag.spv
-glslc -g --target-env=vulkan1.2 assets/shaders/skybox.vert -o src/shaders/skybox_vert.spv

src/AppContext.zig

@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ const media = @import("media");
 const glfw = @import("zglfw");
 
 const Atoms = @import("engine/Atoms.zig");
+const Fonts = @import("engine/Fonts.zig");
 const Engine = @import("engine/Engine.zig");
 const Gui = @import("engine/Gui.zig");
 const Materials = @import("engine/Materials.zig");
@@ -23,6 +24,7 @@ pub var allocator_persistent: std.mem.Allocator = undefined;
 pub var io: std.Io = undefined;
 pub var vk_allocator: *VkAllocator = undefined;
 pub var stbi: *media.stbi = undefined;
+pub var stbtt: *media.stbtt = undefined;
 
 pub var window: *glfw.Window = undefined;
 pub var atoms: *Atoms = undefined;
@@ -31,4 +33,5 @@ pub var swapchain: *Swapchain = undefined;
 
 pub var textures: *Textures = undefined;
 pub var materials: *Materials = undefined;
+pub var fonts: *Fonts = undefined;
 pub var gui: *Gui = undefined;

src/Chunk.zig

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 const Chunk = @This();
 const std = @import("std");
 
+const c = @import("const.zig");
 const ctx = @import("AppContext.zig");
 const math = @import("math.zig");
 const shaders = @import("shaders.zig");
@@ -15,9 +16,7 @@ const Game = @import("Game.zig");
 const GenericBuffer = @import("engine/GenericBuffer.zig").GenericBuffer;
 const Materials = @import("engine/Materials.zig");
 
-const ObjectUniformsBuffer = GenericBuffer(void, shaders.ObjectUniforms);
+const chunk_size = c.vx_per_ck;
-
-pub const chunk_size = 16;
 
 const initial_capacity = 256;
 var next_chunk_id: std.atomic.Value(u64) = .init(0);
@@ -27,7 +26,7 @@ var next_chunk_id: std.atomic.Value(u64) = .init(0);
 blocks: [chunk_size][chunk_size][chunk_size]Blocks.Id,
 origin: vm.Vector3,
 descriptor_set: vk.DescriptorSet,
-object_buffer: ObjectUniformsBuffer,
+object_buffer: shaders.ObjectUniformsBuffer,
 object_count: u32,
 
 /// For debug purposes, a unique "name" per chunk instance.
@@ -50,10 +49,10 @@ pub fn init(init_info: InitInfo) !Chunk {
     });
     errdefer engine.freeDescriptorSet(init_info.descriptor_pool, descriptor_set);
 
-    var object_buffer: ObjectUniformsBuffer = try .init(.{
+    var object_buffer: shaders.ObjectUniformsBuffer = try .init(.{
         .usage = .storage,
         .target_queue = .graphics,
-        .array_capacity = initial_capacity,
+        .capacity = initial_capacity,
     });
     errdefer object_buffer.deinit();
 
@@ -120,13 +119,18 @@ pub fn refresh(self: *Chunk, blocks: *const Blocks, neighbors: Neighbors) !void
 
                 inline for (@typeInfo(voxels.Orientation).@"enum".fields) |field| {
                     const side = @field(voxels.Orientation, field.name);
-                    const material = @field(block.walls, field.name).material;
+                    const wall: Blocks.Definition.Wall = @field(block.walls, field.name);
-                    if (material != .empty and self.getOpposite(side, ix, iy, iz, blocks, neighbors) == .empty) {
+                    if (wall.material != .empty and self.getOpposite(side, ix, iy, iz, blocks, neighbors) == .empty) {
                         const matrix = getMatrix(side, origin);
                         try uniforms.append(allocator_frame, .{
-                            .matrixOStoWS = matrix,
+                            .matrixOStoWS = .{
-                            .matrixOStoWSNormal = matrix,
+                                matrix.getIVersor().dropW(),
-                            .material = material,
+                                matrix.getJVersor().dropW(),
+                                matrix.getKVersor().dropW(),
+                                matrix.getTranslationVector().dropW(),
+                            },
+                            .texCoordTransform = wall.transform.getMatrix(),
+                            .material = wall.material,
                         });
                     }
                 }
@@ -135,12 +139,12 @@ pub fn refresh(self: *Chunk, blocks: *const Blocks, neighbors: Neighbors) !void
     }
 
     const object_count: u32 = @intCast(uniforms.items.len);
-    if (self.object_buffer.array_capacity < object_count) {
+    if (self.object_buffer.capacity < object_count) {
         const desired_capacity = std.math.ceilPowerOfTwoAssert(u32, object_count);
-        const new_object_buffer: ObjectUniformsBuffer = try .init(.{
+        const new_object_buffer: shaders.ObjectUniformsBuffer = try .init(.{
             .usage = .storage,
             .target_queue = .graphics,
-            .array_capacity = desired_capacity,
+            .capacity = desired_capacity,
         });
 
         try engine.updateDescriptorSets(.{
@@ -169,7 +173,7 @@ pub fn refresh(self: *Chunk, blocks: *const Blocks, neighbors: Neighbors) !void
         engine.setObjectName(new_object_buffer.device_memory, "DM Chunk[{d}]", .{self.chunk_id});
     }
 
-    try self.object_buffer.write(.{ .elements = uniforms.items });
+    try self.object_buffer.writeSlice(uniforms.items);
     self.object_count = object_count;
 }
 

src/Game.zig

@@ -16,11 +16,11 @@ const Chunk = @import("Chunk.zig");
 const Chunks = @import("Chunks.zig");
 const CommandBuffer = @import("engine/CommandBuffer.zig");
 const Engine = @import("engine/Engine.zig");
+const Fonts = @import("engine/Fonts.zig");
 const Iterator2 = math.Iterator2;
 const Materials = @import("engine/Materials.zig");
 const Player = @import("Player.zig");
 const Skybox = @import("engine/Skybox.zig");
-const StagingBuffer = @import("engine/StagingBuffer.zig");
 const Swapchain = @import("engine/Swapchain.zig");
 const Texture = @import("engine/Texture.zig");
 const Textures = @import("engine/Textures.zig");
@@ -36,7 +36,8 @@ vertex_buffer: shaders.VertexBuffer,
 index_buffer: shaders.IndexBuffer,
 
 global_uniforms: shaders.GlobalUniformsBuffer,
-global_uniforms_staging_buffer: StagingBuffer,
+global_uniforms_staging_buffer: shaders.GlobalUniformsBuffer,
+global_uniforms_staging_ptr: *shaders.GlobalUniforms,
 global_uniforms_transfer_semaphores: []vk.Semaphore,
 point_lights: shaders.PointLightBuffer,
 directional_lights: shaders.DirectionalLightBuffer,
@@ -47,14 +48,22 @@ blocks: Blocks,
 chunks: Chunks,
 skybox: Skybox,
 player: Player,
+font: Fonts.Id,
 
-const max_textures = 1024;
 const max_point_lights = 1024;
 const max_directional_lights = 4;
 const chunk_descriptor_pool = 1024;
 
 const camera_near_plane = 0.1;
 
+const point_lights_data = [_]shaders.PointLight{};
+const directional_lights_data = [_]shaders.DirectionalLight{
+    .{
+        .directionWS = .unit_nz,
+        .color = .init(0.3, 0.3, 0.3),
+    },
+};
+
 pub fn init() !Game {
     const allocator_general = ctx.allocator_general;
     const allocator_frame = ctx.allocator_frame;
@@ -62,6 +71,7 @@ pub fn init() !Game {
     const swapchain = ctx.swapchain;
     const textures = ctx.textures;
     const materials = ctx.materials;
+    const fonts = ctx.fonts;
     const gui = ctx.gui;
 
     var blocks = try Blocks.init();
@@ -76,9 +86,9 @@ pub fn init() !Game {
         .mag_filter = .linear,
         .min_filter = .linear,
         .mipmap_mode = .linear,
-        .address_mode_u = .repeat,
+        .address_mode_u = .clamp_to_edge,
-        .address_mode_v = .repeat,
+        .address_mode_v = .clamp_to_edge,
-        .address_mode_w = .repeat,
+        .address_mode_w = .clamp_to_edge,
         .mip_lod_bias = 0,
         .anisotropy_enable = .false,
         .max_anisotropy = 0,
@@ -127,9 +137,8 @@ pub fn init() !Game {
             .{
                 .binding = 5,
                 .descriptor_type = .sampled_image,
-                .descriptor_count = max_textures,
+                .descriptor_count = Textures.max_textures,
                 .stage_flags = .{ .vertex_bit = true, .fragment_bit = true },
-                .flags = .{ .variable_descriptor_count_bit = true },
             },
         },
     });
@@ -158,60 +167,52 @@ pub fn init() !Game {
     errdefer engine.destroyPipelineLayout(pipeline_layout);
     engine.setObjectName(pipeline_layout, "PL Main", .{});
 
-    const vertex_shader = try engine.createShaderModule(.{ .code = &shaders.main_vert_spv });
+    const shader = try engine.createShaderModule(.{ .code = &shaders.main_spv });
-    defer engine.destroyShaderModule(vertex_shader);
+    defer engine.destroyShaderModule(shader);
-    engine.setObjectName(vertex_shader, "SM main_vert", .{});
+    engine.setObjectName(shader, "SM main", .{});
-
-    const fragment_shader = try engine.createShaderModule(.{ .code = &shaders.main_frag_spv });
-    defer engine.destroyShaderModule(fragment_shader);
-    engine.setObjectName(fragment_shader, "SM main_frag", .{});
 
     var vertex_buffer = try shaders.VertexBuffer.init(.{
         .usage = .vertex,
         .target_queue = .graphics,
-        .array_capacity = 4,
+        .capacity = 4,
         .name = "QuadVB",
     });
     errdefer vertex_buffer.deinit();
-    try vertex_buffer.write(.{
+    try vertex_buffer.writeSlice(&.{
-        .elements = &.{
+        .init(
-            .init(
+            .init(0, 0, 0),
-                .init(0, 0, 0),
+            .init(0, 1),
-                .init(0, 1),
+            .init(0, 0, 1),
-                .init(0, 0, 1),
+            .init(1, 0, 0, -1),
-                .init(1, 0, 0, -1),
+        ),
-            ),
+        .init(
-            .init(
+            .init(1, 0, 0),
-                .init(1, 0, 0),
+            .init(1, 1),
-                .init(1, 1),
+            .init(0, 0, 1),
-                .init(0, 0, 1),
+            .init(1, 0, 0, -1),
-                .init(1, 0, 0, -1),
+        ),
-            ),
+        .init(
-            .init(
+            .init(0, 1, 0),
-                .init(0, 1, 0),
+            .init(0, 0),
-                .init(0, 0),
+            .init(0, 0, 1),
-                .init(0, 0, 1),
+            .init(1, 0, 0, -1),
-                .init(1, 0, 0, -1),
+        ),
-            ),
+        .init(
-            .init(
+            .init(1, 1, 0),
-                .init(1, 1, 0),
+            .init(1, 0),
-                .init(1, 0),
+            .init(0, 0, 1),
-                .init(0, 0, 1),
+            .init(1, 0, 0, -1),
-                .init(1, 0, 0, -1),
+        ),
-            ),
-        },
     });
 
     var index_buffer = try shaders.IndexBuffer.init(.{
         .usage = .index,
         .target_queue = .graphics,
-        .array_capacity = 6,
+        .capacity = 6,
         .name = "QuadIB",
     });
     errdefer index_buffer.deinit();
-    try index_buffer.write(.{
+    try index_buffer.writeSlice(&.{ 0, 1, 2, 2, 1, 3 });
-        .elements = &.{ 0, 1, 2, 2, 1, 3 },
-    });
 
     var global_uniforms = try shaders.GlobalUniformsBuffer.init(.{
         .usage = .uniform,
@@ -220,12 +221,17 @@ pub fn init() !Game {
     });
     errdefer global_uniforms.deinit();
 
-    var global_uniforms_staging_buffer = try StagingBuffer.init(.{
+    var global_uniforms_staging_buffer = try shaders.GlobalUniformsBuffer.init(.{
-        .capacity = @sizeOf(shaders.GlobalUniforms),
+        .usage = .staging,
         .target_queue = .graphics,
+        .mappable = true,
+        .name = "GlobalUniforms Staging",
     });
     errdefer global_uniforms_staging_buffer.deinit();
 
+    const global_uniforms_staging_ptr = try global_uniforms_staging_buffer.map();
+    errdefer global_uniforms_staging_buffer.unmap();
+
     const global_uniforms_transfer_semaphores = blk: {
         var semaphores: std.ArrayList(vk.Semaphore) = try .initCapacity(allocator_general, swapchain.swapchain_images.len);
         errdefer semaphores.deinit(allocator_general);
@@ -250,7 +256,7 @@ pub fn init() !Game {
     var point_lights = try shaders.PointLightBuffer.init(.{
         .usage = .storage,
         .target_queue = .graphics,
-        .array_capacity = max_point_lights,
+        .capacity = max_point_lights,
         .name = "PointLights",
     });
     errdefer point_lights.deinit();
@@ -258,7 +264,7 @@ pub fn init() !Game {
     var directional_lights = try shaders.DirectionalLightBuffer.init(.{
         .usage = .storage,
         .target_queue = .graphics,
-        .array_capacity = max_directional_lights,
+        .capacity = max_directional_lights,
         .name = "DirectionalLights",
     });
     errdefer directional_lights.deinit();
@@ -267,13 +273,13 @@ pub fn init() !Game {
         .stages = &.{
             .{
                 .stage = .{ .vertex_bit = true },
-                .module = vertex_shader,
+                .module = shader,
-                .name = "main",
+                .name = "vertexMain",
             },
             .{
                 .stage = .{ .fragment_bit = true },
-                .module = fragment_shader,
+                .module = shader,
-                .name = "main",
+                .name = "fragmentMain",
             },
         },
         .vertex_input_state = .{
@@ -411,7 +417,7 @@ pub fn init() !Game {
             },
             .{
                 .type = .sampled_image,
-                .descriptor_count = max_textures,
+                .descriptor_count = Textures.max_textures,
             },
             .{
                 .type = .uniform_buffer,
@@ -429,7 +435,6 @@ pub fn init() !Game {
     const global_descriptor_set = try engine.allocateDescriptorSet(.{
         .descriptor_pool = descriptor_pool,
         .set_layout = global_descriptor_set_layout,
-        .variable_descriptor_count = @intCast(textures.array.items.len),
     });
     engine.setObjectName(global_descriptor_set, "DS Global", .{});
 
@@ -438,6 +443,13 @@ pub fn init() !Game {
     const block_stone = try blocks.getOrLoad("Stone.json");
     const block_bedrock = try blocks.getOrLoad("Bedrock.json");
 
+    const font_id = try fonts.load("FiraMono-Regular.ttf", .{
+        .codepoint_ranges = &.{
+            .{ .start = 32, .end = 127 },
+        },
+        .name = "Fira Mono",
+    });
+
     // VOLATILE Load all assets before this point
 
     const descriptor_images = try allocator_frame.alloc(vk.DescriptorImageInfo, textures.array.items.len);
@@ -609,26 +621,14 @@ pub fn init() !Game {
         });
     }
 
-    const point_lights_data: []const shaders.PointLight = &.{};
+    try point_lights.writeSlice(&point_lights_data);
-    try point_lights.write(.{
+    try directional_lights.writeSlice(&directional_lights_data);
-        .header = @intCast(point_lights_data.len),
-        .elements = point_lights_data,
-    });
-
-    const directional_lights_data: []const shaders.DirectionalLight = &.{
-        .{
-            .directionWS = .unit_nz,
-            .color = .init(0.3, 0.3, 0.3),
-        },
-    };
-    try directional_lights.write(.{
-        .header = @intCast(directional_lights_data.len),
-        .elements = directional_lights_data,
-    });
 
     var skybox = try Skybox.load("skybox.hdr", 512, global_uniforms.buffer);
     errdefer skybox.deinit();
 
+    const font = &fonts.array.items[@intFromEnum(font_id)];
+
     // TODO This coupling is not elegant - the game must provide the GUI with
     // uniform buffer for globals. Maybe GUI should just use their own global
     // uniform buffer not for any other reason than decoupling. After all, GUI
@@ -651,6 +651,88 @@ pub fn init() !Game {
                     },
                 },
             },
+            .{
+                .dst_set = gui.text_descriptor_set,
+                .dst_binding = 0,
+                .dst_array_element = 0,
+                .descriptor_type = .uniform_buffer,
+                .descriptor_infos = .{
+                    .buffer = &.{
+                        .{
+                            .buffer = global_uniforms.buffer,
+                            .offset = 0,
+                            .range = vk.WHOLE_SIZE,
+                        },
+                    },
+                },
+            },
+            .{
+                .dst_set = gui.text_descriptor_set,
+                .dst_binding = 2,
+                .dst_array_element = @intFromEnum(font_id),
+                .descriptor_type = .storage_buffer,
+                .descriptor_infos = .{
+                    .buffer = &.{
+                        .{
+                            .buffer = font.glyph_data.buffer,
+                            .offset = 0,
+                            .range = vk.WHOLE_SIZE,
+                        },
+                    },
+                },
+            },
+            .{
+                .dst_set = gui.text_descriptor_set,
+                .dst_binding = 3,
+                .dst_array_element = @intFromEnum(font_id),
+                .descriptor_type = .storage_buffer,
+                .descriptor_infos = .{
+                    .buffer = &.{
+                        .{
+                            .buffer = font.control_points.buffer,
+                            .offset = 0,
+                            .range = vk.WHOLE_SIZE,
+                        },
+                    },
+                },
+            },
+            .{
+                .dst_set = gui.text_descriptor_set,
+                .dst_binding = 4,
+                .dst_array_element = @intFromEnum(font_id),
+                .descriptor_type = .storage_buffer,
+                .descriptor_infos = .{
+                    .buffer = &.{
+                        .{
+                            .buffer = font.band_data.buffer,
+                            .offset = 0,
+                            .range = vk.WHOLE_SIZE,
+                        },
+                    },
+                },
+            },
+            .{
+                .dst_set = gui.image_descriptor_set,
+                .dst_binding = 0,
+                .dst_array_element = 0,
+                .descriptor_type = .uniform_buffer,
+                .descriptor_infos = .{
+                    .buffer = &.{
+                        .{
+                            .buffer = global_uniforms.buffer,
+                            .offset = 0,
+                            .range = vk.WHOLE_SIZE,
+                        },
+                    },
+                },
+            },
+            .{
+                .dst_set = gui.image_descriptor_set,
+                .dst_binding = 3,
+                .dst_array_element = 0,
+                .descriptor_type = .sampled_image,
+                .descriptor_infos = .{ .image = descriptor_images },
+            },
         },
     });
 
@@ -667,6 +749,7 @@ pub fn init() !Game {
 
         .global_uniforms = global_uniforms,
         .global_uniforms_staging_buffer = global_uniforms_staging_buffer,
+        .global_uniforms_staging_ptr = global_uniforms_staging_ptr,
         .global_uniforms_transfer_semaphores = global_uniforms_transfer_semaphores,
         .point_lights = point_lights,
         .directional_lights = directional_lights,
@@ -677,6 +760,7 @@ pub fn init() !Game {
         .chunks = .{ .chunks = chunks },
         .skybox = skybox,
         .player = .init(player_position_sv, 0, 0),
+        .font = font_id,
     };
 }
 
@@ -698,6 +782,7 @@ pub fn deinit(self: *Game) void {
     self.skybox.deinit();
 
     self.global_uniforms.deinit();
+    self.global_uniforms_staging_buffer.unmap();
     self.global_uniforms_staging_buffer.deinit();
     self.point_lights.deinit();
     self.directional_lights.deinit();
@@ -719,37 +804,7 @@ pub fn deinit(self: *Game) void {
 }
 
 pub fn update(self: *Game, dt: f32) void {
-    const swapchain = ctx.swapchain;
+    self.player.update(dt, self);
-    const gui = ctx.gui;
-
-    self.player.update(dt, &self.chunks);
-
-    const extent = swapchain.extent;
-    const framebuffer_size = vm.Vector2.init(
-        @floatFromInt(extent.width),
-        @floatFromInt(extent.height),
-    );
-
-    const crosshair_half_extent_px = 8;
-    const crosshair_half_width_px = 1;
-
-    gui.pushBox(.{
-        .background_color = .init(1, 1, 1, 0.5),
-        .border_color = .init(0, 0, 0, 1),
-        .position_sspx = framebuffer_size.mulScalar(0.5).add(.init(-crosshair_half_extent_px, -crosshair_half_width_px)),
-        .size_px = .init(2.0 * crosshair_half_extent_px, 2.0 * crosshair_half_width_px),
-        .border_width_px = 0,
-        .border_radius_px = 0,
-    });
-
-    gui.pushBox(.{
-        .background_color = .init(1, 1, 1, 0.5),
-        .border_color = .init(0, 0, 0, 1),
-        .position_sspx = framebuffer_size.mulScalar(0.5).add(.init(-crosshair_half_width_px, -crosshair_half_extent_px)),
-        .size_px = .init(2.0 * crosshair_half_width_px, 2.0 * crosshair_half_extent_px),
-        .border_width_px = 0,
-        .border_radius_px = 0,
-    });
 
     self.render() catch |err| {
         std.log.err("Failed to render: {s}", .{@errorName(err)});
@@ -853,16 +908,21 @@ fn render(self: *Game) !void {
 
     const ambient_light = vm.Vector3.init(0.01, 0.01, 0.01);
 
-    const global_uniforms_data: shaders.GlobalUniforms = .{
+    self.global_uniforms_staging_ptr.* = .{
-        .matrixWStoVS = matrix_ws_to_vs,
+        .matrixWStoVS = .{
+            matrix_ws_to_vs.getIVersor().dropW(),
+            matrix_ws_to_vs.getJVersor().dropW(),
+            matrix_ws_to_vs.getKVersor().dropW(),
+            matrix_ws_to_vs.getTranslationVector().dropW(),
+        },
         .matrixVStoCS = matrix_vs_to_cs,
         .matrixSSPXtoCS = matrix_sspx_to_cs,
+
+        .pointLightCount = point_lights_data.len,
+        .directionalLightCount = directional_lights_data.len,
         .ambientLight = ambient_light,
     };
-
+    try self.global_uniforms_staging_buffer.flush(0, 1);
-    const staging_memory = try self.global_uniforms_staging_buffer.map();
-    @memcpy(staging_memory, std.mem.asBytes(&global_uniforms_data));
-    self.global_uniforms_staging_buffer.unmap();
 
     try self.deferred_command_buffers.ensureUnusedCapacity(allocator_general, 1);
     const global_uniforms_transfer_command_buffer = try CommandBuffer.init(.transfer);

src/Player.zig

@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ const Player = @This();
 const std = @import("std");
 
 const c = @import("const.zig");
+const ctx = @import("AppContext.zig");
 const glfw = @import("zglfw");
 const math = @import("math.zig");
 const vm = @import("vecmath");
@@ -183,9 +184,9 @@ pub const blocks = [9][:0]const u8{
     "Bricks.json",
     "ChiseledStoneBricks.json",
     "Cobblestone.json",
-    "DiamondBlock.json",
+    "OakLogX.json",
-    "GoldBlock.json",
+    "OakLogY.json",
-    "IronBlock.json",
+    "OakLogZ.json",
     "OakPlanks.json",
     "SmoothStone.json",
     "StoneBricks.json",
@@ -231,7 +232,6 @@ pub fn onKeyDown(self: *Player, key: glfw.Key) void {
     const key_code = @intFromEnum(key);
     if (key_code >= @intFromEnum(glfw.Key.one) and key_code <= @intFromEnum(glfw.Key.nine)) {
         self.block_index = @intCast(key_code - @intFromEnum(glfw.Key.one));
-        std.log.info("Picked block {s}", .{blocks[self.block_index]});
     }
 }
 
@@ -281,7 +281,11 @@ pub fn onMouseDown(self: *Player, button: glfw.MouseButton, game: *Game) void {
     }
 }
 
-pub fn update(self: *Player, dt: f32, chunks: *const Chunks) void {
+pub fn update(self: *Player, dt: f32, game: *Game) void {
+    const swapchain = ctx.swapchain;
+    const materials = ctx.materials;
+    const gui = ctx.gui;
+
     defer self.resetAllButtons();
 
     const raycast_origin_sv = self.position_sv
@@ -294,7 +298,7 @@ pub fn update(self: *Player, dt: f32, chunks: *const Chunks) void {
         ))
         .round()
         .asInt();
-    self.maybe_raycast_hit = chunks.raycast(raycast_origin_sv, raycast_ray_sv);
+    self.maybe_raycast_hit = game.chunks.raycast(raycast_origin_sv, raycast_ray_sv);
 
     // --- GATHER INPUTS -------------------------------------------------------
 
@@ -343,7 +347,7 @@ pub fn update(self: *Player, dt: f32, chunks: *const Chunks) void {
             var max_sv = position_sv.add(.init(collision_half_width_sv, collision_half_width_sv, collision_height_sv));
 
             if (vertical_displacement_sv > 0) {
-                if (chunks.sweepCastUp(min_sv, max_sv, vertical_displacement_sv)) |hit| {
+                if (game.chunks.sweepCastUp(min_sv, max_sv, vertical_displacement_sv)) |hit| {
                     vertical_displacement_sv -= hit.projected_distance_sv;
                 }
                 position_sv = .add(position_sv, .init(0, 0, vertical_displacement_sv));
@@ -353,7 +357,7 @@ pub fn update(self: *Player, dt: f32, chunks: *const Chunks) void {
 
             var i: usize = 0;
             while (i < 2) : (i += 1) {
-                if (chunks.sweepCastHorizontal(min_sv, max_sv, horizontal_displacement_sv)) |hit| {
+                if (game.chunks.sweepCastHorizontal(min_sv, max_sv, horizontal_displacement_sv)) |hit| {
                     const adjustment = math.mulFrac2(hit.normal_frac.dropZ(), hit.projected_distance_sv);
                     horizontal_displacement_sv = .add(
                         horizontal_displacement_sv,
@@ -368,7 +372,7 @@ pub fn update(self: *Player, dt: f32, chunks: *const Chunks) void {
             if (vertical_displacement_sv < 0.0) {
                 min_sv = .add(min_sv, horizontal_displacement_sv.withZ(0));
                 max_sv = .add(max_sv, horizontal_displacement_sv.withZ(0));
-                if (chunks.sweepCastDown(min_sv, max_sv, -vertical_displacement_sv)) |hit| {
+                if (game.chunks.sweepCastDown(min_sv, max_sv, -vertical_displacement_sv)) |hit| {
                     vertical_displacement_sv += hit.projected_distance_sv;
                 }
                 position_sv = .add(position_sv, .init(0, 0, vertical_displacement_sv));
@@ -377,6 +381,149 @@ pub fn update(self: *Player, dt: f32, chunks: *const Chunks) void {
             self.position_sv = position_sv;
         },
     }
+
+    // --- GUI -----------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    const extent = swapchain.extent;
+    const framebuffer_size = vm.Vector2.init(
+        @floatFromInt(extent.width),
+        @floatFromInt(extent.height),
+    );
+
+    // --- CROSSHAIR ---
+
+    {
+        const crosshair_half_extent_px = 8;
+        const crosshair_half_width_px = 1;
+
+        gui.pushBox(.{
+            .background_color = .init(1, 1, 1, 0.5),
+            .border_color = .init(0, 0, 0, 1),
+            .position_sspx = framebuffer_size.mulScalar(0.5).add(.init(-crosshair_half_extent_px, -crosshair_half_width_px)),
+            .size_px = .init(2.0 * crosshair_half_extent_px, 2.0 * crosshair_half_width_px),
+            .border_width_px = 0,
+            .border_radius_px = 0,
+        });
+
+        gui.pushBox(.{
+            .background_color = .init(1, 1, 1, 0.5),
+            .border_color = .init(0, 0, 0, 1),
+            .position_sspx = framebuffer_size.mulScalar(0.5).add(.init(-crosshair_half_width_px, -crosshair_half_extent_px)),
+            .size_px = .init(2.0 * crosshair_half_width_px, 2.0 * crosshair_half_extent_px),
+            .border_width_px = 0,
+            .border_radius_px = 0,
+        });
+    }
+
+    // --- COORDINATES ---
+
+    {
+        const margin: f16 = 8;
+        const font_size: f32 = 16;
+
+        // NOTE We have to do the number formatting semi-manually, because zig's
+        // std fmt is weird with signed numbers
+
+        var number_buf: [9]u8 = undefined; // sign ('-' or ' ') and 8 hex digits
+
+        gui.pushBox(.{
+            .background_color = .init(0, 0, 0, 0.75),
+            .border_color = .init(0, 0, 0, 1),
+            .position_sspx = .init(0, 0),
+            .size_px = .init(164, 4 * margin + 3 * font_size),
+            .border_width_px = 0,
+            .border_radius_px = 0,
+        });
+
+        gui.printLine("X {s}", .{formatHexCoord(self.position_sv.x, &number_buf)}, .{
+            .position_sspx = .init(margin, margin + font_size),
+            .font_id = @enumFromInt(0),
+            .cap_height_px = font_size,
+            .color = .init(1, 1, 1, 1),
+        });
+
+        gui.printLine("Y {s}", .{formatHexCoord(self.position_sv.y, &number_buf)}, .{
+            .position_sspx = .init(margin, 2 * (margin + font_size)),
+            .font_id = @enumFromInt(0),
+            .cap_height_px = font_size,
+            .color = .init(1, 1, 1, 1),
+        });
+
+        gui.printLine("Z {s}", .{formatHexCoord(self.position_sv.z, &number_buf)}, .{
+            .position_sspx = .init(margin, 3 * (margin + font_size)),
+            .font_id = @enumFromInt(0),
+            .cap_height_px = font_size,
+            .color = .init(1, 1, 1, 1),
+        });
+    }
+
+    // --- HOTBAR ---
+
+    {
+        const block_selection_outline_width_px: f32 = 4;
+
+        const block_image_size_px: f32 = 48;
+        const block_image_gap_px: f32 = 8;
+        const block_image_margin_px: f32 = 8;
+
+        const hotbar_width_px: f32 = @as(f32, @floatFromInt(blocks.len)) * block_image_size_px + @as(f32, @floatFromInt(blocks.len - 1)) * block_image_gap_px;
+        const hotbar_left_px: f32 = 0.5 * (framebuffer_size.x - hotbar_width_px);
+        const hotbar_top_px: f32 = framebuffer_size.y - block_image_margin_px - block_image_size_px;
+
+        gui.pushBox(.{
+            .background_color = .init(0, 0, 0, 0.75),
+            .border_color = .init(0, 0, 0, 1),
+            .position_sspx = .init(hotbar_left_px - block_image_margin_px, hotbar_top_px - block_image_margin_px),
+            .size_px = .init(hotbar_width_px + 2 * block_image_margin_px, block_image_size_px + 2 * block_image_margin_px),
+            .border_width_px = 4,
+            .border_radius_px = 0,
+        });
+
+        var cx: f32 = hotbar_left_px;
+        for (blocks, 0..) |filename, i| {
+            defer cx += block_image_size_px + block_image_gap_px;
+
+            const id = game.blocks.getOrLoad(filename) catch |err| {
+                std.log.err("Error while rendering hotbar block {s}: {}", .{ filename, err });
+                continue;
+            };
+            const definition = &game.blocks.array.items[@intFromEnum(id)];
+
+            const material_id = definition.walls.positive_z.material;
+            const material = &materials.array.items[@intFromEnum(material_id)];
+
+            if (i == self.block_index) {
+                gui.pushBox(.{
+                    .background_color = .initScalar(0),
+                    .border_color = .init(1, 1, 1, 1),
+                    .position_sspx = vm.Vector2.init(cx, hotbar_top_px).sub(.initScalar(block_selection_outline_width_px)),
+                    .size_px = .initScalar(block_image_size_px + 2 * block_selection_outline_width_px),
+                    .border_width_px = block_selection_outline_width_px,
+                    .border_radius_px = block_selection_outline_width_px,
+                });
+            }
+
+            const texture_id = material.base_color_texture;
+            gui.pushImage(.{
+                .position_sspx = .init(cx, hotbar_top_px),
+                .size_px = .initScalar(block_image_size_px),
+                .texture_id = texture_id,
+            });
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn formatHexCoord(coord: i32, buf: *[9]u8) []const u8 {
+    buf[0] = ' ';
+    const coord_abs = @abs(coord);
+    _ = std.fmt.bufPrint(buf[1..9], "{X:>8}", .{coord_abs}) catch unreachable;
+
+    if (coord < 0) {
+        const i = std.mem.findScalarLast(u8, buf, ' ') orelse unreachable;
+        buf[i] = '-';
+    }
+
+    return buf[0..];
 }
 
 fn resetAllButtons(self: *Player) void {

src/engine/Engine.zig

@@ -272,9 +272,9 @@ pub fn init() !*Engine {
 
         var enabled_features_vulkan12: vk.PhysicalDeviceVulkan12Features = .{
             .p_next = &enabled_features_vulkan11,
+            .shader_float_16 = .true,
             .descriptor_indexing = .true,
             .descriptor_binding_partially_bound = .true,
-            .descriptor_binding_variable_descriptor_count = .true,
             .runtime_descriptor_array = .true,
             .scalar_block_layout = .true,
             .imageless_framebuffer = .true,
@@ -744,13 +744,11 @@ pub const DescriptorPoolCreateInfo = struct {
 pub const DescriptorSetAllocateInfo = struct {
     descriptor_pool: vk.DescriptorPool,
     set_layout: vk.DescriptorSetLayout,
-    variable_descriptor_count: ?u32 = null,
 };
 
 pub const DescriptorSetsAllocateInfo = struct {
     descriptor_pool: vk.DescriptorPool,
     set_layouts: []const vk.DescriptorSetLayout,
-    variable_descriptor_counts: []const u32 = &.{},
 };
 
 pub const DescriptorSetLayoutBinding = struct {
@@ -968,28 +966,13 @@ pub fn allocateDescriptorSet(self: *Engine, allocate_info: DescriptorSetAllocate
     try self.allocateDescriptorSets(.{
         .descriptor_pool = allocate_info.descriptor_pool,
         .set_layouts = &.{allocate_info.set_layout},
-        .variable_descriptor_counts = if (allocate_info.variable_descriptor_count) |x| &.{x} else &.{},
     }, &descriptor_sets);
     return descriptor_sets[0];
 }
 
 pub fn allocateDescriptorSets(self: *Engine, allocate_info: DescriptorSetsAllocateInfo, descriptor_sets: []vk.DescriptorSet) !void {
     std.debug.assert(descriptor_sets.len >= allocate_info.set_layouts.len);
-
-    const has_variable_descriptor_counts = allocate_info.variable_descriptor_counts.len > 0;
-
-    var p_next: ?*const anyopaque = null;
-
-    if (has_variable_descriptor_counts) {
-        p_next = &vk.DescriptorSetVariableDescriptorCountAllocateInfo{
-            .p_next = p_next,
-            .descriptor_set_count = @intCast(allocate_info.variable_descriptor_counts.len),
-            .p_descriptor_counts = allocate_info.variable_descriptor_counts.ptr,
-        };
-    }
-
     try self.device.allocateDescriptorSets(&.{
-        .p_next = p_next,
         .descriptor_pool = allocate_info.descriptor_pool,
         .descriptor_set_count = @intCast(allocate_info.set_layouts.len),
         .p_set_layouts = allocate_info.set_layouts.ptr,

src/engine/Font.zig

@@ -0,0 +1,452 @@
+const Font = @This();
+const std = @import("std");
+
+const ctx = @import("../AppContext.zig");
+const shaders = @import("../shaders.zig");
+const vm = @import("vecmath");
+
+const GenericBuffer = @import("GenericBuffer.zig").GenericBuffer;
+
+pub const CodePointRange = struct {
+    /// inclusive
+    start: u21,
+    /// exclusive
+    end: u21,
+};
+
+pub const InitInfo = struct {
+    codepoint_ranges: []const CodePointRange = &.{
+        .{ .start = 32, .end = 127 },
+    },
+    /// [vertical, horizontal]
+    bands_per_em: vm.Vector2 = .init(8, 8),
+    name: ?[]const u8 = null,
+};
+
+const GlyphCpuData = struct {
+    /// `undefined` when `gpu_glyph_id == null`
+    bottom_left_em: vm.Vector2,
+    advance_em: f32,
+    left_side_bearing_em: f32,
+    /// If `null`, the glyph is empty (like a space). In such case, we only need
+    /// to advance the cursor by given `advance_em` and we must not emit any gpu
+    /// glyph instances.
+    gpu_glyph_id: ?u16,
+};
+
+cpu_glyph_data: []GlyphCpuData,
+codepoint_glyph_id: std.hash_map.AutoHashMapUnmanaged(u21, u16),
+kerning_em: std.hash_map.AutoHashMapUnmanaged([2]u16, f32),
+cap_height_em: f32,
+
+glyph_data: GenericBuffer(shaders.GlyphData),
+control_points: GenericBuffer([2]f16),
+band_data: GenericBuffer(u32),
+
+const BandHelper = struct {
+    allocator: std.mem.Allocator,
+    bands: []std.ArrayList(u32),
+
+    fn init(allocator: std.mem.Allocator) BandHelper {
+        return .{
+            .allocator = allocator,
+            .bands = &.{},
+        };
+    }
+
+    fn ensureBandCount(self: *BandHelper, desired_band_count: usize) !void {
+        std.debug.assert(desired_band_count > 0);
+
+        const old_band_count = self.bands.len;
+        if (old_band_count >= desired_band_count) return;
+
+        const new_band_count = std.math.ceilPowerOfTwo(usize, desired_band_count) catch |err| switch (err) {
+            error.Overflow => return error.OutOfMemory,
+        };
+
+        self.bands = try self.allocator.realloc(self.bands, new_band_count);
+        for (old_band_count..new_band_count) |i| {
+            self.bands[i] = .empty;
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn clearBands(self: *BandHelper, band_count: usize) void {
+        for (self.bands[0..band_count]) |*array| {
+            array.clearRetainingCapacity();
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn insertControlPointPtr(self: *BandHelper, band: usize, ptr: u32) !void {
+        const array = &self.bands[band];
+        try array.append(self.allocator, ptr);
+    }
+
+    fn sortBands(self: *BandHelper, coordinate: u1, band_count: usize, control_points: []const [2]f16) void {
+        for (self.bands[0..band_count]) |*array| {
+            const sort_ctx = SortContext{
+                .coordinate = coordinate,
+                .control_points = control_points,
+            };
+
+            std.mem.sortUnstable(u32, array.items, &sort_ctx, SortContext.lessThan);
+
+            // std.debug.print("    BAND {d} sorted by coordinate {d}\n", .{ array - self.bands.ptr, coordinate });
+            // for (array.items) |cp_ptr| {
+            //     const cp0 = control_points[cp_ptr + 0];
+            //     const cp1 = control_points[cp_ptr + 1];
+            //     const cp2 = control_points[cp_ptr + 2];
+            //     const max = @max(cp0[coordinate], cp1[coordinate], cp2[coordinate]);
+            //     std.debug.print("        max {d} | ({d}, {d}) → ({d}, {d}) → ({d}, {d})\n", .{ max, cp0[0], cp0[1], cp1[0], cp1[1], cp2[0], cp2[1] });
+            // }
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn write(self: *const BandHelper, band_count: usize, buffer: *std.ArrayList(u32), buffer_allocator: std.mem.Allocator) !void {
+        var band_data_ptr = buffer.items.len;
+
+        // --- HEADERS ---
+
+        band_data_ptr += band_count;
+
+        for (self.bands[0..band_count]) |*array| {
+            const band = array.items;
+
+            // Header is a self-relative forward-only pointer in high 16 bits
+            // and length in low 16 bits.
+
+            const ptr = std.math.cast(u16, band_data_ptr - buffer.items.len) orelse return error.Overflow;
+            const len = std.math.cast(u16, band.len) orelse return error.Overflow;
+
+            try buffer.append(buffer_allocator, (@as(u32, ptr) << 16) | len);
+
+            band_data_ptr += len;
+        }
+
+        // --- BAND DATA ---
+
+        for (self.bands[0..band_count]) |*array| {
+            const band = array.items;
+            try buffer.appendSlice(buffer_allocator, band);
+        }
+
+        std.debug.assert(band_data_ptr == buffer.items.len);
+    }
+
+    fn deinit(self: *BandHelper) void {
+        for (self.bands) |*array| {
+            array.deinit(self.allocator);
+        }
+
+        self.allocator.free(self.bands);
+
+        self.* = undefined;
+    }
+};
+
+const SortContext = struct {
+    coordinate: u1,
+    control_points: []const [2]f16,
+
+    fn lessThan(self: *const SortContext, lhs: u32, rhs: u32) bool {
+        const lhs_cp0 = self.control_points[lhs + 0];
+        const lhs_cp1 = self.control_points[lhs + 1];
+        const lhs_cp2 = self.control_points[lhs + 2];
+
+        const lhs_max = @max(
+            lhs_cp0[self.coordinate],
+            lhs_cp1[self.coordinate],
+            lhs_cp2[self.coordinate],
+        );
+
+        const rhs_cp0 = self.control_points[rhs + 0];
+        const rhs_cp1 = self.control_points[rhs + 1];
+        const rhs_cp2 = self.control_points[rhs + 2];
+
+        const rhs_max = @max(
+            rhs_cp0[self.coordinate],
+            rhs_cp1[self.coordinate],
+            rhs_cp2[self.coordinate],
+        );
+
+        return lhs_max >= rhs_max;
+    }
+};
+
+pub fn init(ttf_buffer: []const u8, init_info: InitInfo) !Font {
+    const allocator_general = ctx.allocator_general;
+    const allocator_frame = ctx.allocator_frame;
+    const stbtt = ctx.stbtt;
+
+    const ttf_font = try stbtt.initFont(ttf_buffer);
+    defer ttf_font.deinit();
+
+    const units_per_em = ttf_font.unitsPerEm();
+    const em_per_unit = 1 / @as(f32, @floatFromInt(units_per_em));
+
+    // std.debug.print("Units per EM: {d}\nEM per unit: {d}\n", .{ units_per_em, em_per_unit });
+
+    var glyph_count: u16 = 0;
+    for (init_info.codepoint_ranges) |range| {
+        const range_size = std.math.cast(u16, range.end - range.start) orelse return error.TooManyGlyphs;
+        glyph_count = std.math.add(u16, glyph_count, range_size) catch |err| switch (err) {
+            error.Overflow => return error.TooManyGlyphs,
+        };
+    }
+
+    var codepoint_glyph_id: std.hash_map.AutoHashMapUnmanaged(u21, u16) = .empty;
+    errdefer codepoint_glyph_id.deinit(allocator_general);
+    try codepoint_glyph_id.ensureTotalCapacity(allocator_general, glyph_count);
+
+    var external_glyph_id_to_cpu_glyph_id: std.hash_map.AutoHashMapUnmanaged(u16, u16) = .empty;
+    try external_glyph_id_to_cpu_glyph_id.ensureTotalCapacity(allocator_frame, glyph_count);
+
+    var kerning_em: std.hash_map.AutoHashMapUnmanaged([2]u16, f32) = .empty;
+    errdefer kerning_em.deinit(allocator_general);
+
+    const cap_height = ttf_font.getCapHeight() orelse return error.FontError;
+    const cap_height_em = @as(f32, @floatFromInt(cap_height)) * em_per_unit;
+
+    // std.debug.print("Cap height: {d} U | {d} EM\n", .{ cap_height, cap_height_em });
+
+    var cpu_glyph_data: std.ArrayList(GlyphCpuData) = try .initCapacity(allocator_general, glyph_count);
+    errdefer cpu_glyph_data.deinit(allocator_general);
+
+    var gpu_glyph_data: std.ArrayList(shaders.GlyphData) = try .initCapacity(allocator_frame, glyph_count);
+
+    var control_points_array: std.ArrayList([2]f16) = .empty;
+    defer control_points_array.deinit(allocator_general);
+
+    var band_data_array: std.ArrayList(u32) = .empty;
+    defer band_data_array.deinit(allocator_general);
+
+    var vertical_band_helper: BandHelper = .init(allocator_general);
+    defer vertical_band_helper.deinit();
+
+    var horizontal_band_helper: BandHelper = .init(allocator_general);
+    defer horizontal_band_helper.deinit();
+
+    for (init_info.codepoint_ranges) |range| {
+        var codepoint: u21 = range.start;
+        while (codepoint < range.end) : (codepoint += 1) {
+            // std.debug.print("Processing codepoint 0x{X} '{u}'\n", .{ codepoint, codepoint });
+            if (ttf_font.findGlyphIndex(codepoint)) |external_glyph_id| {
+                const external_glyph_id_to_cpu_glyph_id_get_or_put_result = external_glyph_id_to_cpu_glyph_id.getOrPutAssumeCapacity(external_glyph_id);
+                if (external_glyph_id_to_cpu_glyph_id_get_or_put_result.found_existing) {
+                    codepoint_glyph_id.putAssumeCapacityNoClobber(codepoint, external_glyph_id_to_cpu_glyph_id_get_or_put_result.value_ptr.*);
+                    continue;
+                } else {
+                    const cpu_glyph_id = @as(u16, @intCast(cpu_glyph_data.items.len));
+                    external_glyph_id_to_cpu_glyph_id_get_or_put_result.value_ptr.* = cpu_glyph_id;
+                    codepoint_glyph_id.putAssumeCapacityNoClobber(codepoint, cpu_glyph_id);
+                }
+
+                const glyph_metrics = ttf_font.getGlyphMetrics(external_glyph_id);
+                // std.debug.print("    Advance: {d} U\n", .{glyph_metrics.advance_width});
+                // std.debug.print("    LSB: {d} U\n", .{glyph_metrics.left_side_bearing});
+
+                if (ttf_font.isGlyphEmpty(external_glyph_id)) {
+                    // std.debug.print("    Glyph is empty\n", .{});
+                    cpu_glyph_data.appendAssumeCapacity(.{
+                        .bottom_left_em = undefined,
+                        .left_side_bearing_em = @as(f32, @floatFromInt(glyph_metrics.left_side_bearing)) * em_per_unit,
+                        .advance_em = @as(f32, @floatFromInt(glyph_metrics.advance_width)) * em_per_unit,
+                        .gpu_glyph_id = null,
+                    });
+                } else if (ttf_font.getGlyphBox(external_glyph_id)) |box| {
+                    const bottom_left_em = vm.Vector2.init(
+                        @floatFromInt(box.x_min),
+                        @floatFromInt(box.y_min),
+                    ).mulScalar(em_per_unit);
+                    const size_em = vm.Vector2.init(
+                        @as(f32, @floatFromInt(box.x_max)) - @as(f32, @floatFromInt(box.x_min)),
+                        @as(f32, @floatFromInt(box.y_max)) - @as(f32, @floatFromInt(box.y_min)),
+                    ).mulScalar(em_per_unit);
+
+                    const gpu_glyph_id = @as(u16, @intCast(gpu_glyph_data.items.len));
+                    cpu_glyph_data.appendAssumeCapacity(.{
+                        .bottom_left_em = bottom_left_em,
+                        .left_side_bearing_em = @as(f32, @floatFromInt(glyph_metrics.left_side_bearing)) * em_per_unit,
+                        .advance_em = @as(f32, @floatFromInt(glyph_metrics.advance_width)) * em_per_unit,
+                        .gpu_glyph_id = gpu_glyph_id,
+                    });
+
+                    const band_count = vm.Vector2.max(.round(.mul(size_em, init_info.bands_per_em)), .initScalar(1));
+
+                    const vertical_band_count: u32 = @trunc(band_count.x);
+                    const horizontal_band_count: u32 = @trunc(band_count.y);
+
+                    try vertical_band_helper.ensureBandCount(vertical_band_count);
+                    try horizontal_band_helper.ensureBandCount(horizontal_band_count);
+
+                    vertical_band_helper.clearBands(vertical_band_count);
+                    horizontal_band_helper.clearBands(horizontal_band_count);
+
+                    const vertices = ttf_font.getGlyphShape(external_glyph_id);
+                    defer ttf_font.freeShape(vertices);
+
+                    // std.debug.print("    bottom left: {f} [EM]\n", .{bottom_left_em});
+                    // std.debug.print("    size: {f} [EM]\n", .{size_em});
+                    // std.debug.print("    band count: {f}\n", .{band_count});
+                    // std.debug.print("    vertices: {d}\n", .{vertices.len});
+
+                    var cp0: vm.Vector2 = undefined;
+                    for (vertices) |vertex| {
+                        var cp1: vm.Vector2 = undefined;
+                        var cp2: vm.Vector2 = undefined;
+                        switch (vertex.type) {
+                            .STBTT_vmove => {
+                                cp0.x = @as(f32, @floatFromInt(vertex.x)) * em_per_unit;
+                                cp0.y = @as(f32, @floatFromInt(vertex.y)) * em_per_unit;
+                                try control_points_array.append(
+                                    allocator_general,
+                                    .{ @floatCast(cp0.x), @floatCast(cp0.y) },
+                                );
+                                continue;
+                            },
+                            .STBTT_vline => {
+                                cp1.x = @as(f32, @floatFromInt(vertex.x)) * em_per_unit;
+                                cp1.y = @as(f32, @floatFromInt(vertex.y)) * em_per_unit;
+                                cp2 = cp1;
+                                try control_points_array.appendNTimes(
+                                    allocator_general,
+                                    .{ @floatCast(cp1.x), @floatCast(cp1.y) },
+                                    2,
+                                );
+                            },
+                            .STBTT_vcurve => {
+                                cp1.x = @as(f32, @floatFromInt(vertex.cx)) * em_per_unit;
+                                cp1.y = @as(f32, @floatFromInt(vertex.cy)) * em_per_unit;
+                                cp2.x = @as(f32, @floatFromInt(vertex.x)) * em_per_unit;
+                                cp2.y = @as(f32, @floatFromInt(vertex.y)) * em_per_unit;
+                                try control_points_array.append(allocator_general, .{ @floatCast(cp1.x), @floatCast(cp1.y) });
+                                try control_points_array.append(allocator_general, .{ @floatCast(cp2.x), @floatCast(cp2.y) });
+                            },
+                            .STBTT_vcubic => unreachable,
+                        }
+                        defer cp0 = cp2;
+
+                        const cp_min = cp0.min(cp1).min(cp2).sub(.initScalar(em_per_unit));
+                        const cp_max = cp0.max(cp1).max(cp2).add(.initScalar(em_per_unit));
+
+                        const min_band_f = band_count.mul(.sub(cp_min, bottom_left_em)).div(size_em)
+                            .max(.initScalar(0))
+                            .min(.sub(band_count, .initScalar(1)))
+                            .floor();
+                        const max_band_f = band_count.mul(.sub(cp_max, bottom_left_em)).div(size_em)
+                            .max(.initScalar(0))
+                            .min(.sub(band_count, .initScalar(1)))
+                            .floor();
+
+                        // std.debug.print("        {f} → {f} → {f} | bands: {f} → {f}\n", .{ cp0, cp1, cp2, min_band_f, max_band_f });
+
+                        const vertical_band_start = @as(u32, @trunc(min_band_f.x));
+                        const vertical_band_end = @as(u32, @trunc(max_band_f.x)) + 1;
+                        const horizontal_band_start = @as(u32, @trunc(min_band_f.y));
+                        const horizontal_band_end = @as(u32, @trunc(max_band_f.y)) + 1;
+
+                        const cp_ptr = @as(u32, @intCast(control_points_array.items.len - 3));
+
+                        for (vertical_band_start..vertical_band_end) |vband| {
+                            try vertical_band_helper.insertControlPointPtr(vband, cp_ptr);
+                        }
+
+                        for (horizontal_band_start..horizontal_band_end) |hband| {
+                            try horizontal_band_helper.insertControlPointPtr(hband, cp_ptr);
+                        }
+
+                        cp0 = cp2;
+                    }
+
+                    const vertical_band_ptr = @as(u32, @intCast(band_data_array.items.len));
+                    vertical_band_helper.sortBands(1, vertical_band_count, control_points_array.items);
+                    try vertical_band_helper.write(vertical_band_count, &band_data_array, allocator_general);
+
+                    const horizontal_band_ptr = @as(u32, @intCast(band_data_array.items.len));
+                    horizontal_band_helper.sortBands(0, horizontal_band_count, control_points_array.items);
+                    try horizontal_band_helper.write(horizontal_band_count, &band_data_array, allocator_general);
+
+                    // std.debug.print("    vband: [{d}] @ {d}\n    hband: [{d}] @ {d}\n", .{ vertical_band_count, vertical_band_ptr, horizontal_band_count, horizontal_band_ptr });
+
+                    gpu_glyph_data.appendAssumeCapacity(.{
+                        .bottomLeftEM = bottom_left_em,
+                        .sizeEM = size_em,
+                        .verticalBandPtr = vertical_band_ptr,
+                        .horizontalBandPtr = horizontal_band_ptr,
+                        .verticalBandCount = vertical_band_count,
+                        .horizontalBandCount = horizontal_band_count,
+                    });
+                } else {
+                    return error.FontError;
+                }
+            } else {
+                return error.MissingGlyph;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    var kerning_it = ttf_font.kerningTableIterator();
+    while (kerning_it.next()) |entry| {
+        if (external_glyph_id_to_cpu_glyph_id.contains(entry.glyph_prev) and external_glyph_id_to_cpu_glyph_id.contains(entry.glyph_next)) {
+            const advance_em = @as(f32, @floatFromInt(entry.advance)) * em_per_unit;
+            try kerning_em.put(allocator_general, .{ entry.glyph_prev, entry.glyph_next }, advance_em);
+        }
+    }
+
+    // std.debug.print("Kerning table size: {d}\n", .{kerning_em.size});
+
+    var glyph_data: GenericBuffer(shaders.GlyphData) = try .init(.{
+        .usage = .storage,
+        .target_queue = .graphics,
+        .capacity = @intCast(gpu_glyph_data.items.len),
+        .name = "Glyph data",
+    });
+    errdefer glyph_data.deinit();
+
+    // std.debug.print("Glyph data size: {d} [B]\n", .{gpu_glyph_data.items.len * @sizeOf(shaders.GlyphData)});
+
+    var control_points: GenericBuffer([2]f16) = try .init(.{
+        .usage = .storage,
+        .target_queue = .graphics,
+        .capacity = @intCast(control_points_array.items.len),
+        .name = "Control points",
+    });
+    errdefer control_points.deinit();
+
+    // std.debug.print("Control points size: {d} [B]\n", .{control_points_array.items.len * @sizeOf([2]f16)});
+
+    var band_data: GenericBuffer(u32) = try .init(.{
+        .usage = .storage,
+        .target_queue = .graphics,
+        .capacity = @intCast(band_data_array.items.len),
+        .name = "Band data",
+    });
+    errdefer band_data.deinit();
+
+    // std.debug.print("Band data size: {d} [B]\n", .{band_data_array.items.len * @sizeOf(u32)});
+
+    try glyph_data.writeSlice(gpu_glyph_data.items);
+    try control_points.writeSlice(control_points_array.items);
+    try band_data.writeSlice(band_data_array.items);
+
+    return .{
+        .cpu_glyph_data = cpu_glyph_data.toOwnedSliceAssert(),
+        .codepoint_glyph_id = codepoint_glyph_id,
+        .kerning_em = kerning_em,
+        .cap_height_em = cap_height_em,
+
+        .glyph_data = glyph_data,
+        .control_points = control_points,
+        .band_data = band_data,
+    };
+}
+
+pub fn deinit(self: *Font) void {
+    const allocator_general = ctx.allocator_general;
+
+    self.band_data.deinit();
+    self.control_points.deinit();
+    self.glyph_data.deinit();
+
+    self.codepoint_glyph_id.deinit(allocator_general);
+    allocator_general.free(self.cpu_glyph_data);
+}

src/engine/Fonts.zig

@@ -0,0 +1,111 @@
+const Fonts = @This();
+const std = @import("std");
+
+const ctx = @import("../AppContext.zig");
+
+const Atom = @import("../engine/Atom.zig").Atom;
+const Font = @import("Font.zig");
+
+pub const Id = enum(u16) {
+    // VOLATILE Synchronize explicit values with `init` implementation.
+
+    _,
+
+    /// Cast an integer into an ID. This can produce an invalid ID.
+    pub fn fromInt(value: u16) Id {
+        return @enumFromInt(value);
+    }
+
+    /// Cast an index into an ID. This can produce an invalid ID. The caller
+    /// asserts that the index is not greater than the max ID value.
+    pub fn fromIndex(index: usize) Id {
+        std.debug.assert(index < max_fonts);
+        return @enumFromInt(@as(u16, @intCast(index)));
+    }
+
+    /// Cast an index into an ID. This can produce an invalid ID. Returns an
+    /// error if the index is greater than the max ID value.
+    pub fn fromIndexSafe(index: usize) error{Overflow}!Id {
+        if (index >= max_fonts) return error.Overflow;
+        return @enumFromInt(@as(u16, @intCast(index)));
+    }
+
+    /// Cast an ID into an integer.
+    pub fn toInt(self: Id) u16 {
+        return @intFromEnum(self);
+    }
+};
+
+/// Stores all `Font` structs and maps a font ID to a `Font` struct.
+/// Preallocated with `allocator_persistent`.
+array: std.ArrayList(Font),
+
+pub const max_fonts = 256;
+
+pub fn init() !*Fonts {
+    const allocator_persistent = ctx.allocator_persistent;
+
+    const fonts = try allocator_persistent.create(Fonts);
+
+    fonts.* = .{
+        .array = .empty,
+    };
+
+    errdefer {
+        for (fonts.array.items) |*font| {
+            font.deinit();
+        }
+    }
+
+    try fonts.array.ensureTotalCapacityPrecise(allocator_persistent, max_fonts);
+
+    // VOLATILE Synchronize with explicit values on top of `Id` type.
+
+    return fonts;
+}
+
+pub fn deinit(self: *Fonts) void {
+    std.log.scoped(.deinit).debug("Deinitializing {*}", .{self});
+
+    for (self.array.items) |*font| {
+        font.deinit();
+    }
+    self.* = undefined;
+}
+
+pub fn load(
+    self: *Fonts,
+    filename: []const u8,
+    init_info: Font.InitInfo,
+) !Id {
+    const id = Id.fromIndexSafe(self.array.items.len) catch |err| switch (err) {
+        error.Overflow => return error.OutOfFonts,
+    };
+    const font = try loadFont(filename, init_info);
+
+    self.array.appendAssumeCapacity(font);
+
+    return id;
+}
+
+fn loadFont(
+    filename: []const u8,
+    init_info: Font.InitInfo,
+) !Font {
+    const allocator_frame = ctx.allocator_frame;
+    const io = ctx.io;
+
+    std.log.debug("Loading font \"{s}\"...", .{filename});
+
+    const cwd = std.Io.Dir.cwd();
+
+    var dir = try cwd.openDir(io, "assets/fonts", .{});
+    defer dir.close(io);
+
+    const ttf_buffer = try dir.readFileAlloc(io, filename, allocator_frame, .unlimited);
+
+    var font = try Font.init(ttf_buffer, init_info);
+    errdefer font.deinit();
+
+    return font;
+}

src/engine/GenericBuffer.zig

@@ -5,7 +5,6 @@ const vk = @import("vulkan");
 
 const CommandBuffer = @import("CommandBuffer.zig");
 const Engine = @import("Engine.zig");
-const StagingBuffer = @import("StagingBuffer.zig");
 const TargetQueue = @import("TargetQueue.zig").TargetQueue;
 
 pub const Usage = enum {
@@ -14,6 +13,7 @@ pub const Usage = enum {
     index,
     vertex,
     indirect,
+    staging,
 
     pub fn asBufferUsageFlags(self: Usage) vk.BufferUsageFlags {
         return switch (self) {
@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@ pub const Usage = enum {
             .index => .{ .transfer_dst_bit = true, .index_buffer_bit = true },
             .vertex => .{ .transfer_dst_bit = true, .vertex_buffer_bit = true },
             .indirect => .{ .transfer_dst_bit = true, .indirect_buffer_bit = true },
+            .staging => .{ .transfer_src_bit = true },
         };
     }
 };
@@ -29,34 +30,27 @@ pub const Usage = enum {
 pub const InitInfo = struct {
     usage: Usage,
     target_queue: TargetQueue,
-    array_capacity: u32 = 0,
+    mappable: bool = false,
+    capacity: u32 = 1,
     name: ?[]const u8 = null,
 };
 
-pub fn GenericBuffer(comptime Header: type, comptime Element: type) type {
+pub fn GenericBuffer(comptime T: type) type {
     return struct {
         const Self = @This();
 
         buffer: vk.Buffer,
         device_memory: vk.DeviceMemory,
+        mappable: bool,
         target_queue: TargetQueue,
-        array_capacity: u32,
+        capacity: u32,
 
-        const header_size: u32 = @sizeOf(Header);
+        const element_size: u32 = @sizeOf(T);
-        const element_size: u32 = @sizeOf(Element);
-        const array_offset: u32 = std.mem.alignForward(usize, header_size, @alignOf(Element));
-
-        pub const WriteInfo = struct {
-            header: ?Header = null,
-            element_offset: u32 = 0,
-            elements: []const Element = &.{},
-        };
 
         pub fn init(init_info: InitInfo) !Self {
             const engine = ctx.engine;
 
-            const array_size = try std.math.mul(u32, init_info.array_capacity, element_size);
+            const size = try std.math.mul(u32, init_info.capacity, element_size);
-            const size = try std.math.add(u32, array_offset, array_size);
 
             const target_queue_family = switch (init_info.target_queue) {
                 .graphics => engine.graphics_queue.allocation.family,
@@ -71,14 +65,17 @@ pub fn GenericBuffer(comptime Header: type, comptime Element: type) type {
             });
             errdefer engine.destroyBuffer(buffer);
             if (init_info.name) |name| {
-                engine.setObjectName(buffer, "B {s} [{s}, {s}]", .{ name, @typeName(Header), @typeName(Element) });
+                engine.setObjectName(buffer, "B {s} [{s}]", .{ name, @typeName(T) });
             }
 
             const memory_requirements = engine.getBufferMemoryRequirements(buffer);
-            const device_memory = try engine.allocate(memory_requirements, .{ .device_local_bit = true });
+            const device_memory = try engine.allocate(memory_requirements, .{
+                .device_local_bit = !init_info.mappable,
+                .host_visible_bit = init_info.mappable,
+            });
             errdefer engine.freeMemory(device_memory);
             if (init_info.name) |name| {
-                engine.setObjectName(device_memory, "DM {s} [{s}, {s}]", .{ name, @typeName(Header), @typeName(Element) });
+                engine.setObjectName(device_memory, "DM {s} [{s}]", .{ name, @typeName(T) });
             }
 
             try engine.bindBufferMemory(buffer, device_memory, 0);
@@ -86,8 +83,9 @@ pub fn GenericBuffer(comptime Header: type, comptime Element: type) type {
             return .{
                 .buffer = buffer,
                 .device_memory = device_memory,
+                .mappable = init_info.mappable,
                 .target_queue = init_info.target_queue,
-                .array_capacity = init_info.array_capacity,
+                .capacity = init_info.capacity,
             };
         }
 
@@ -102,120 +100,130 @@ pub fn GenericBuffer(comptime Header: type, comptime Element: type) type {
             self.* = undefined;
         }
 
-        pub fn write(self: Self, write_info: WriteInfo) !void {
+        pub fn write(self: Self, value: T) !void {
-            const engine = ctx.engine;
+            return self.writeSliceAt(0, &.{value});
-
-            const element_count = std.math.cast(u32, write_info.elements.len) orelse return error.Overflow;
-            std.debug.assert(write_info.element_offset + element_count <= self.array_capacity);
-
-            const header_write_size: u32 = if (write_info.header != null) header_size else 0;
-            const array_write_size = element_count * element_size;
-            const array_write_offset: u32 = if (header_write_size > 0) array_offset else 0;
-            const write_size = array_write_offset + array_write_size;
-
-            if (write_size == 0) {
-                return;
-            }
-
-            var regions_buffer: [2]vk.BufferCopy = undefined;
-            var regions: std.ArrayList(vk.BufferCopy) = .initBuffer(&regions_buffer);
-
-            // One continuous write
-            if (header_write_size > 0 and array_write_size > 0 and write_info.element_offset == 0) {
-                regions.appendAssumeCapacity(.{
-                    .src_offset = 0,
-                    .dst_offset = 0,
-                    .size = write_size,
-                });
-            }
-            // Separate writes for header and array (if they exist)
-            else {
-                if (header_write_size > 0) {
-                    regions.appendAssumeCapacity(.{
-                        .src_offset = 0,
-                        .dst_offset = 0,
-                        .size = header_write_size,
-                    });
-                }
-                if (array_write_size > 0) {
-                    regions.appendAssumeCapacity(.{
-                        .src_offset = array_write_offset,
-                        .dst_offset = array_offset + write_info.element_offset * element_size,
-                        .size = array_write_size,
-                    });
-                }
-
-                std.debug.assert(regions.items.len > 0);
-            }
-
-            var staging_buffer: StagingBuffer = try .init(.{
-                .target_queue = self.target_queue,
-                .capacity = write_size,
-            });
-            defer staging_buffer.deinit();
-
-            const staging_memory = try staging_buffer.map();
-            if (write_info.header) |header| {
-                @memcpy(staging_memory[0..header_size], std.mem.asBytes(&header));
-            }
-            @memcpy(staging_memory[array_write_offset..write_size], std.mem.sliceAsBytes(write_info.elements));
-            staging_buffer.unmap();
-
-            var command_buffer: CommandBuffer = try .init(.transfer);
-            defer command_buffer.deinit();
-
-            try command_buffer.beginCommandBuffer();
-            command_buffer.copyBuffer(staging_buffer.buffer, self.buffer, regions.items);
-            try command_buffer.endCommandBuffer();
-
-            const fence = try engine.createFence(.{});
-            defer engine.destroyFence(fence);
-
-            try command_buffer.submit(.{ .fence = fence });
-            try engine.waitForFence(fence);
         }
 
-        pub fn writeRaw(self: Self, data_offset: u32, data: []const u8) !void {
+        pub fn writeAt(self: Self, index: u32, value: T) !void {
+            return self.writeSliceAt(index, &.{value});
+        }
+
+        pub fn writeSlice(self: Self, values: []const T) !void {
+            return self.writeSliceAt(0, values);
+        }
+
+        pub fn writeSliceAt(self: Self, first_index: u32, values: []const T) !void {
             const engine = ctx.engine;
 
-            const array_size = self.array_capacity * element_size;
+            const element_count = std.math.cast(u32, values.len) orelse return error.Overflow;
-            const size = array_offset + array_size;
+            std.debug.assert(first_index + element_count <= self.capacity);
 
-            const data_size = std.math.cast(u32, data.len) orelse return error.Overflow;
+            const write_size = element_count * element_size;
-            std.debug.assert(data_offset + data_size <= size);
+            if (element_count == 0) return;
 
-            var staging_buffer = try StagingBuffer.init(engine, .{
+            if (self.mappable) {
-                .target_queue = self.target_queue,
+                const slice = try self.mapSliceAt(first_index, element_count);
-                .capacity = data_size,
+                defer self.unmap();
-            });
-            defer staging_buffer.deinit(engine);
 
-            const staging_memory = try staging_buffer.map(engine);
+                @memcpy(slice, values);
-            @memcpy(staging_memory, data);
+                try self.flush(first_index, element_count);
-            staging_buffer.unmap(engine);
+            } else {
+                var staging_buffer: GenericBuffer(T) = try .init(.{
+                    .usage = .staging,
+                    .target_queue = self.target_queue,
+                    .mappable = true,
+                    .capacity = element_count,
+                });
+                defer staging_buffer.deinit();
 
-            var command_buffer = try CommandBuffer.init(engine, .transfer);
+                {
-            defer command_buffer.deinit(engine);
+                    const staging_slice = try staging_buffer.mapSlice();
+                    defer staging_buffer.unmap();
 
-            try command_buffer.beginCommandBuffer(.{});
+                    @memcpy(staging_slice, values);
-            command_buffer.copyBuffer(
+                    try staging_buffer.flush(0, element_count);
-                staging_buffer.buffer,
+                }
-                self.buffer,
+
-                &.{
+                var command_buffer: CommandBuffer = try .init(.transfer);
+                defer command_buffer.deinit();
+
+                try command_buffer.beginCommandBuffer();
+                const regions = [_]vk.BufferCopy{
                     .{
                         .src_offset = 0,
-                        .dst_offset = data_offset,
+                        .dst_offset = first_index * element_size,
-                        .size = data_size,
+                        .size = write_size,
                     },
+                };
+                command_buffer.copyBuffer(staging_buffer.buffer, self.buffer, &regions);
+                try command_buffer.endCommandBuffer();
+
+                const fence = try engine.createFence(.{});
+                defer engine.destroyFence(fence);
+
+                try command_buffer.submit(.{ .fence = fence });
+                try engine.waitForFence(fence);
+            }
+        }
+
+        pub fn map(self: Self) !*T {
+            std.debug.assert(self.mappable);
+
+            const slice = try self.mapSliceAt(0, 1);
+            return &slice[0];
+        }
+
+        pub fn mapAt(self: Self, index: u32) !*T {
+            std.debug.assert(self.mappable);
+
+            const slice = try self.mapSliceAt(index, 1);
+            return &slice[0];
+        }
+
+        pub fn mapSlice(self: Self) ![]T {
+            std.debug.assert(self.mappable);
+
+            return self.mapSliceAt(0, self.capacity);
+        }
+
+        pub fn mapSliceAt(self: Self, first_index: u32, count: u32) ![]T {
+            const engine = ctx.engine;
+
+            std.debug.assert(self.mappable);
+            std.debug.assert(first_index + count <= self.capacity);
+
+            const byte_offset = @as(u64, first_index) * @as(u64, element_size);
+            const byte_length = @as(u64, count) * @as(u64, element_size);
+
+            const mapped_memory = try engine.mapMemory(self.device_memory, byte_offset, byte_length, .{});
+            const slice = @as([*]T, @ptrCast(@alignCast(mapped_memory.ptr)))[0..count];
+
+            return slice;
+        }
+
+        pub fn flush(self: Self, first_index: u32, count: u32) !void {
+            const engine = ctx.engine;
+
+            std.debug.assert(self.mappable);
+            std.debug.assert(first_index + count <= self.capacity);
+
+            const byte_offset = @as(u64, first_index) * @as(u64, element_size);
+            const byte_length = @as(u64, count) * @as(u64, element_size);
+
+            try engine.device.flushMappedMemoryRanges(&.{
+                .{
+                    .memory = self.device_memory,
+                    .offset = byte_offset,
+                    .size = byte_length,
                 },
-            );
+            });
-            try command_buffer.endCommandBuffer();
+        }
 
-            const fence = try engine.createFence(.{});
+        pub fn unmap(self: Self) void {
-            defer engine.destroyFence(fence);
+            const engine = ctx.engine;
 
-            try command_buffer.submit(engine, .{ .fence = fence });
+            std.debug.assert(self.mappable);
-            try engine.waitForFence(fence);
+            engine.unmapMemory(self.device_memory);
         }
     };
 }

src/engine/Gui.zig

@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ const vm = @import("vecmath");
 
 const CommandBuffer = @import("CommandBuffer.zig");
 const Engine = @import("Engine.zig");
+const Fonts = @import("Fonts.zig");
 const GenericBuffer = @import("GenericBuffer.zig").GenericBuffer;
 const Swapchain = @import("Swapchain.zig");
 const Texture = @import("Texture.zig");
@@ -25,19 +26,18 @@ pub const Draw = struct {
 
     pub const Text = extern struct {
         color: vm.Vector4,
-        pos_min: vm.Vector2,
+        bottom_left_sspx: vm.Vector2,
-        pos_max: vm.Vector2,
+        font_size_px: f32,
-        uv_min: vm.Vector2,
+        glyph_id: u16,
-        uv_max: vm.Vector2,
+        font_id: Fonts.Id,
-        atlas_id: Textures.Id,
     };
 
     pub const Image = extern struct {
-        tint: vm.Vector4,
+        tint: vm.Vector4 = .initScalar(1),
         position_sspx: vm.Vector2,
         size_px: vm.Vector2,
-        uv_min: vm.Vector2,
+        uv_min: vm.Vector2 = .initScalar(0),
-        uv_max: vm.Vector2,
+        uv_max: vm.Vector2 = .initScalar(1),
         texture_id: Textures.Id,
     };
 };
@@ -48,9 +48,9 @@ pub const Batch = struct {
     instance_count: u32,
 };
 
-box_gpu_buffer: GenericBuffer(void, Draw.Box),
+box_gpu_buffer: GenericBuffer(Draw.Box),
-text_gpu_buffer: GenericBuffer(void, Draw.Text),
+text_gpu_buffer: GenericBuffer(Draw.Text),
-image_gpu_buffer: GenericBuffer(void, Draw.Image),
+image_gpu_buffer: GenericBuffer(Draw.Image),
 
 box_cpu_buffer: std.ArrayList(Draw.Box),
 text_cpu_buffer: std.ArrayList(Draw.Text),
@@ -65,8 +65,18 @@ box_descriptor_set_layout: vk.DescriptorSetLayout,
 box_pipeline_layout: vk.PipelineLayout,
 box_pipeline: vk.Pipeline,
 
+text_descriptor_set_layout: vk.DescriptorSetLayout,
+text_pipeline_layout: vk.PipelineLayout,
+text_pipeline: vk.Pipeline,
+
+image_descriptor_set_layout: vk.DescriptorSetLayout,
+image_pipeline_layout: vk.PipelineLayout,
+image_pipeline: vk.Pipeline,
+
 descriptor_pool: vk.DescriptorPool,
 box_descriptor_set: vk.DescriptorSet,
+text_descriptor_set: vk.DescriptorSet,
+image_descriptor_set: vk.DescriptorSet,
 
 pub const max_box_draws = 1024;
 pub const max_image_draws = 1024;
@@ -81,26 +91,26 @@ pub fn init() !*Gui {
 
     const gui = try allocator_persistent.create(Gui);
 
-    var box_gpu_buffer: GenericBuffer(void, Draw.Box) = try .init(.{
+    var box_gpu_buffer: GenericBuffer(Draw.Box) = try .init(.{
         .usage = .storage,
         .target_queue = .graphics,
-        .array_capacity = max_box_draws,
+        .capacity = max_box_draws,
         .name = "GUI box draws",
     });
     errdefer box_gpu_buffer.deinit();
 
-    var text_gpu_buffer: GenericBuffer(void, Draw.Text) = try .init(.{
+    var text_gpu_buffer: GenericBuffer(Draw.Text) = try .init(.{
         .usage = .storage,
         .target_queue = .graphics,
-        .array_capacity = max_text_draws,
+        .capacity = max_text_draws,
         .name = "GUI text draws",
     });
     errdefer text_gpu_buffer.deinit();
 
-    var image_gpu_buffer: GenericBuffer(void, Draw.Image) = try .init(.{
+    var image_gpu_buffer: GenericBuffer(Draw.Image) = try .init(.{
         .usage = .storage,
         .target_queue = .graphics,
-        .array_capacity = max_image_draws,
+        .capacity = max_image_draws,
         .name = "GUI image draws",
     });
     errdefer image_gpu_buffer.deinit();
@@ -108,15 +118,24 @@ pub fn init() !*Gui {
     const box_cpu_buffer: std.ArrayList(Draw.Box) = try .initCapacity(allocator_persistent, max_box_draws);
     const text_cpu_buffer: std.ArrayList(Draw.Text) = try .initCapacity(allocator_persistent, max_text_draws);
     const image_cpu_buffer: std.ArrayList(Draw.Image) = try .initCapacity(allocator_persistent, max_image_draws);
+
     const batches: std.ArrayList(Batch) = try .initCapacity(allocator_persistent, max_batches);
+    var index_buffer = try shaders.IndexBuffer.init(.{
+        .usage = .index,
+        .target_queue = .graphics,
+        .capacity = 6,
+        .name = "QuadIB",
+    });
+    errdefer index_buffer.deinit();
+    try index_buffer.writeSlice(&.{ 0, 1, 2, 2, 1, 3 });
 
     const sampler = try engine.createSampler(.{
         .mag_filter = .linear,
         .min_filter = .linear,
         .mipmap_mode = .linear,
-        .address_mode_u = .repeat,
+        .address_mode_u = .clamp_to_edge,
-        .address_mode_v = .repeat,
+        .address_mode_v = .clamp_to_edge,
-        .address_mode_w = .repeat,
+        .address_mode_w = .clamp_to_edge,
         .mip_lod_bias = 0,
         .anisotropy_enable = .false,
         .max_anisotropy = 0,
@@ -156,36 +175,21 @@ pub fn init() !*Gui {
     errdefer engine.destroyPipelineLayout(box_pipeline_layout);
     engine.setObjectName(box_pipeline_layout, "PL GUI Box", .{});
 
-    const box_vertex_shader = try engine.createShaderModule(.{ .code = &shaders.gui_box_vert_spv });
+    const box_shader = try engine.createShaderModule(.{ .code = &shaders.gui_box_spv });
-    defer engine.destroyShaderModule(box_vertex_shader);
+    defer engine.destroyShaderModule(box_shader);
-    engine.setObjectName(box_vertex_shader, "SM gui_box_vert", .{});
+    engine.setObjectName(box_shader, "SM gui_box", .{});
-
-    const box_fragment_shader = try engine.createShaderModule(.{ .code = &shaders.gui_box_frag_spv });
-    defer engine.destroyShaderModule(box_fragment_shader);
-    engine.setObjectName(box_fragment_shader, "SM gui_box_frag", .{});
-
-    var index_buffer = try shaders.IndexBuffer.init(.{
-        .usage = .index,
-        .target_queue = .graphics,
-        .array_capacity = 6,
-        .name = "QuadIB",
-    });
-    errdefer index_buffer.deinit();
-    try index_buffer.write(.{
-        .elements = &.{ 0, 1, 2, 2, 1, 3 },
-    });
 
     const box_pipeline = try engine.createGraphicsPipeline(.{
         .stages = &.{
             .{
                 .stage = .{ .vertex_bit = true },
-                .module = box_vertex_shader,
+                .module = box_shader,
-                .name = "main",
+                .name = "vertexMain",
             },
             .{
                 .stage = .{ .fragment_bit = true },
-                .module = box_fragment_shader,
+                .module = box_shader,
-                .name = "main",
+                .name = "fragmentMain",
             },
         },
         .vertex_input_state = .{},
@@ -277,16 +281,325 @@ pub fn init() !*Gui {
     errdefer engine.destroyPipeline(box_pipeline);
     engine.setObjectName(box_pipeline, "P GUI Box", .{});
 
+    const text_descriptor_set_layout = try engine.createDescriptorSetLayout(.{
+        .bindings = &.{
+            .{
+                .binding = 0,
+                .descriptor_type = .uniform_buffer,
+                .descriptor_count = 1,
+                .stage_flags = .{ .vertex_bit = true, .fragment_bit = true },
+            },
+            .{
+                .binding = 1,
+                .descriptor_type = .storage_buffer,
+                .descriptor_count = 1,
+                .stage_flags = .{ .vertex_bit = true, .fragment_bit = true },
+            },
+            .{
+                .binding = 2,
+                .descriptor_type = .storage_buffer,
+                .descriptor_count = Fonts.max_fonts,
+                .stage_flags = .{ .vertex_bit = true, .fragment_bit = true },
+            },
+            .{
+                .binding = 3,
+                .descriptor_type = .storage_buffer,
+                .descriptor_count = Fonts.max_fonts,
+                .stage_flags = .{ .vertex_bit = true, .fragment_bit = true },
+            },
+            .{
+                .binding = 4,
+                .descriptor_type = .storage_buffer,
+                .descriptor_count = Fonts.max_fonts,
+                .stage_flags = .{ .vertex_bit = true, .fragment_bit = true },
+            },
+        },
+    });
+    errdefer engine.destroyDescriptorSetLayout(text_descriptor_set_layout);
+    engine.setObjectName(text_descriptor_set_layout, "DSL GUI Text", .{});
+
+    const text_pipeline_layout = try engine.createPipelineLayout(.{
+        .set_layouts = &.{
+            text_descriptor_set_layout,
+        },
+    });
+    errdefer engine.destroyPipelineLayout(text_pipeline_layout);
+    engine.setObjectName(text_pipeline_layout, "PL GUI Text", .{});
+
+    const text_shader = try engine.createShaderModule(.{ .code = &shaders.gui_text_spv });
+    defer engine.destroyShaderModule(text_shader);
+    engine.setObjectName(text_shader, "SM gui_text", .{});
+
+    const text_pipeline = try engine.createGraphicsPipeline(.{
+        .stages = &.{
+            .{
+                .stage = .{ .vertex_bit = true },
+                .module = text_shader,
+                .name = "vertexMain",
+            },
+            .{
+                .stage = .{ .fragment_bit = true },
+                .module = text_shader,
+                .name = "fragmentMain",
+            },
+        },
+        .vertex_input_state = .{},
+        .input_assembly_state = .{
+            .topology = .triangle_list,
+            .primitive_restart_enable = .false,
+        },
+        .viewport_state = .{
+            .viewports = &.{undefined}, // dynamic
+            .scissors = &.{undefined}, // dynamic
+        },
+        .rasterization_state = .{
+            .depth_clamp_enable = .false,
+            .rasterizer_discard_enable = .false,
+            .polygon_mode = .fill,
+            .cull_mode = .{},
+            .front_face = .counter_clockwise,
+            .depth_bias_enable = .false,
+            .depth_bias_constant_factor = 0,
+            .depth_bias_clamp = 0,
+            .depth_bias_slope_factor = 0,
+            .line_width = 1,
+        },
+        .multisample_state = .{
+            .rasterization_samples = .{ .@"1_bit" = true },
+            .sample_shading_enable = .false,
+            .min_sample_shading = 1,
+            .alpha_to_coverage_enable = .false,
+            .alpha_to_one_enable = .false,
+        },
+        .depth_stencil_state = .{
+            .depth_test_enable = .false,
+            .depth_write_enable = .false,
+            .depth_compare_op = .always,
+            .depth_bounds_test_enable = .false,
+            .stencil_test_enable = .false,
+            .front = .{
+                .fail_op = .keep,
+                .pass_op = .keep,
+                .depth_fail_op = .keep,
+                .compare_op = .never,
+                .compare_mask = 0,
+                .write_mask = 0,
+                .reference = 0,
+            },
+            .back = .{
+                .fail_op = .keep,
+                .pass_op = .keep,
+                .depth_fail_op = .keep,
+                .compare_op = .never,
+                .compare_mask = 0,
+                .write_mask = 0,
+                .reference = 0,
+            },
+            .min_depth_bounds = 0,
+            .max_depth_bounds = 1,
+        },
+        .color_blend_state = .{
+            .logic_op_enable = .false,
+            .logic_op = .copy,
+            .attachments = &.{
+                .{
+                    .blend_enable = .true,
+                    .src_color_blend_factor = .one,
+                    .dst_color_blend_factor = .one_minus_src_alpha,
+                    .color_blend_op = .add,
+                    .src_alpha_blend_factor = .one,
+                    .dst_alpha_blend_factor = .one_minus_src_alpha,
+                    .alpha_blend_op = .add,
+                    .color_write_mask = .{
+                        .r_bit = true,
+                        .g_bit = true,
+                        .b_bit = true,
+                        .a_bit = true,
+                    },
+                },
+            },
+            .blend_constants = .{ 0, 0, 0, 0 },
+        },
+        .dynamic_state = .{
+            .dynamic_states = &.{ .viewport, .scissor },
+        },
+        .layout = text_pipeline_layout,
+        .view_mask = 0,
+        .color_attachment_formats = &.{swapchain.params.surface_format.format},
+        .depth_attachment_format = Texture.Usage.depth.vkFormat(),
+        .stencil_attachment_format = .undefined,
+    });
+    errdefer engine.destroyPipeline(text_pipeline);
+    engine.setObjectName(text_pipeline, "P GUI Box", .{});
+
+    const image_descriptor_set_layout = try engine.createDescriptorSetLayout(.{
+        .bindings = &.{
+            .{
+                .binding = 0,
+                .descriptor_type = .uniform_buffer,
+                .descriptor_count = 1,
+                .stage_flags = .{ .vertex_bit = true, .fragment_bit = true },
+            },
+            .{
+                .binding = 1,
+                .descriptor_type = .storage_buffer,
+                .descriptor_count = 1,
+                .stage_flags = .{ .vertex_bit = true, .fragment_bit = true },
+            },
+            .{
+                .binding = 2,
+                .descriptor_type = .sampler,
+                .descriptor_count = 1,
+                .stage_flags = .{ .vertex_bit = true, .fragment_bit = true },
+                .immutable_samplers = &.{sampler},
+            },
+            .{
+                .binding = 3,
+                .descriptor_type = .sampled_image,
+                .descriptor_count = Textures.max_textures,
+                .stage_flags = .{ .vertex_bit = true, .fragment_bit = true },
+            },
+        },
+    });
+    errdefer engine.destroyDescriptorSetLayout(image_descriptor_set_layout);
+    engine.setObjectName(box_descriptor_set_layout, "DSL GUI Image", .{});
+
+    const image_pipeline_layout = try engine.createPipelineLayout(.{
+        .set_layouts = &.{
+            image_descriptor_set_layout,
+        },
+    });
+    errdefer engine.destroyPipelineLayout(image_pipeline_layout);
+    engine.setObjectName(box_pipeline_layout, "PL GUI Image", .{});
+
+    const image_shader = try engine.createShaderModule(.{ .code = &shaders.gui_image_spv });
+    defer engine.destroyShaderModule(image_shader);
+    engine.setObjectName(text_shader, "SM gui_image", .{});
+
+    const image_pipeline = try engine.createGraphicsPipeline(.{
+        .stages = &.{
+            .{
+                .stage = .{ .vertex_bit = true },
+                .module = image_shader,
+                .name = "vertexMain",
+            },
+            .{
+                .stage = .{ .fragment_bit = true },
+                .module = image_shader,
+                .name = "fragmentMain",
+            },
+        },
+        .vertex_input_state = .{},
+        .input_assembly_state = .{
+            .topology = .triangle_list,
+            .primitive_restart_enable = .false,
+        },
+        .viewport_state = .{
+            .viewports = &.{undefined}, // dynamic
+            .scissors = &.{undefined}, // dynamic
+        },
+        .rasterization_state = .{
+            .depth_clamp_enable = .false,
+            .rasterizer_discard_enable = .false,
+            .polygon_mode = .fill,
+            .cull_mode = .{},
+            .front_face = .counter_clockwise,
+            .depth_bias_enable = .false,
+            .depth_bias_constant_factor = 0,
+            .depth_bias_clamp = 0,
+            .depth_bias_slope_factor = 0,
+            .line_width = 1,
+        },
+        .multisample_state = .{
+            .rasterization_samples = .{ .@"1_bit" = true },
+            .sample_shading_enable = .false,
+            .min_sample_shading = 1,
+            .alpha_to_coverage_enable = .false,
+            .alpha_to_one_enable = .false,
+        },
+        .depth_stencil_state = .{
+            .depth_test_enable = .false,
+            .depth_write_enable = .false,
+            .depth_compare_op = .always,
+            .depth_bounds_test_enable = .false,
+            .stencil_test_enable = .false,
+            .front = .{
+                .fail_op = .keep,
+                .pass_op = .keep,
+                .depth_fail_op = .keep,
+                .compare_op = .never,
+                .compare_mask = 0,
+                .write_mask = 0,
+                .reference = 0,
+            },
+            .back = .{
+                .fail_op = .keep,
+                .pass_op = .keep,
+                .depth_fail_op = .keep,
+                .compare_op = .never,
+                .compare_mask = 0,
+                .write_mask = 0,
+                .reference = 0,
+            },
+            .min_depth_bounds = 0,
+            .max_depth_bounds = 1,
+        },
+        .color_blend_state = .{
+            .logic_op_enable = .false,
+            .logic_op = .copy,
+            .attachments = &.{
+                .{
+                    .blend_enable = .true,
+                    .src_color_blend_factor = .one,
+                    .dst_color_blend_factor = .one_minus_src_alpha,
+                    .color_blend_op = .add,
+                    .src_alpha_blend_factor = .one,
+                    .dst_alpha_blend_factor = .one_minus_src_alpha,
+                    .alpha_blend_op = .add,
+                    .color_write_mask = .{
+                        .r_bit = true,
+                        .g_bit = true,
+                        .b_bit = true,
+                        .a_bit = true,
+                    },
+                },
+            },
+            .blend_constants = .{ 0, 0, 0, 0 },
+        },
+        .dynamic_state = .{
+            .dynamic_states = &.{ .viewport, .scissor },
+        },
+        .layout = image_pipeline_layout,
+        .view_mask = 0,
+        .color_attachment_formats = &.{swapchain.params.surface_format.format},
+        .depth_attachment_format = Texture.Usage.depth.vkFormat(),
+        .stencil_attachment_format = .undefined,
+    });
+    errdefer engine.destroyPipeline(image_pipeline);
+    engine.setObjectName(image_pipeline, "P GUI Image", .{});
+
     const descriptor_pool = try engine.createDescriptorPool(.{
-        .max_sets = 1,
+        .max_sets = 3,
         .pool_sizes = &.{
             .{
                 .type = .uniform_buffer,
-                .descriptor_count = 1,
+                .descriptor_count = 1 + // box
+                    1 + // text
+                    1, // image
             },
             .{
                 .type = .storage_buffer,
-                .descriptor_count = 1,
+                .descriptor_count = 1 + // box
+                    (1 + 3 * Fonts.max_fonts) + // text
+                    1, // image
+            },
+            .{
+                .type = .sampled_image,
+                .descriptor_count = Textures.max_textures, // image
+            },
+            .{
+                .type = .sampler,
+                .descriptor_count = 1, // image
             },
         },
     });
@@ -299,6 +612,18 @@ pub fn init() !*Gui {
     });
     engine.setObjectName(box_descriptor_set, "DS GUI Box", .{});
 
+    const text_descriptor_set = try engine.allocateDescriptorSet(.{
+        .descriptor_pool = descriptor_pool,
+        .set_layout = text_descriptor_set_layout,
+    });
+    engine.setObjectName(text_descriptor_set, "DS GUI Text", .{});
+
+    const image_descriptor_set = try engine.allocateDescriptorSet(.{
+        .descriptor_pool = descriptor_pool,
+        .set_layout = image_descriptor_set_layout,
+    });
+    engine.setObjectName(image_descriptor_set, "DS GUI Image", .{});
+
     try engine.updateDescriptorSets(.{
         .writes = &.{
             .{
@@ -316,6 +641,36 @@ pub fn init() !*Gui {
                     },
                 },
             },
+            .{
+                .dst_set = text_descriptor_set,
+                .dst_binding = 1,
+                .dst_array_element = 0,
+                .descriptor_type = .storage_buffer,
+                .descriptor_infos = .{
+                    .buffer = &.{
+                        .{
+                            .buffer = text_gpu_buffer.buffer,
+                            .offset = 0,
+                            .range = vk.WHOLE_SIZE,
+                        },
+                    },
+                },
+            },
+            .{
+                .dst_set = image_descriptor_set,
+                .dst_binding = 1,
+                .dst_array_element = 0,
+                .descriptor_type = .storage_buffer,
+                .descriptor_infos = .{
+                    .buffer = &.{
+                        .{
+                            .buffer = image_gpu_buffer.buffer,
+                            .offset = 0,
+                            .range = vk.WHOLE_SIZE,
+                        },
+                    },
+                },
+            },
         },
     });
 
@@ -337,8 +692,18 @@ pub fn init() !*Gui {
         .box_pipeline_layout = box_pipeline_layout,
         .box_pipeline = box_pipeline,
 
+        .text_descriptor_set_layout = text_descriptor_set_layout,
+        .text_pipeline_layout = text_pipeline_layout,
+        .text_pipeline = text_pipeline,
+
+        .image_descriptor_set_layout = image_descriptor_set_layout,
+        .image_pipeline_layout = image_pipeline_layout,
+        .image_pipeline = image_pipeline,
+
         .descriptor_pool = descriptor_pool,
         .box_descriptor_set = box_descriptor_set,
+        .text_descriptor_set = text_descriptor_set,
+        .image_descriptor_set = image_descriptor_set,
     };
 
     return gui;
@@ -350,9 +715,15 @@ pub fn deinit(self: *Gui) void {
     std.log.scoped(.deinit).debug("Deinitializing {*}", .{self});
 
     engine.destroyDescriptorPool(self.descriptor_pool);
+    engine.destroyPipeline(self.image_pipeline);
+    engine.destroyPipeline(self.text_pipeline);
     engine.destroyPipeline(self.box_pipeline);
     self.index_buffer.deinit();
+    engine.destroyPipelineLayout(self.image_pipeline_layout);
+    engine.destroyPipelineLayout(self.text_pipeline_layout);
     engine.destroyPipelineLayout(self.box_pipeline_layout);
+    engine.destroyDescriptorSetLayout(self.image_descriptor_set_layout);
+    engine.destroyDescriptorSetLayout(self.text_descriptor_set_layout);
     engine.destroyDescriptorSetLayout(self.box_descriptor_set_layout);
     engine.destroySampler(self.sampler);
 
@@ -383,6 +754,69 @@ pub fn pushText(self: *Gui, text: Draw.Text) void {
     self.extendOrAddBatch(.Text, instance);
 }
 
+pub const PrintLineArgs = struct {
+    position_sspx: vm.Vector2,
+    font_id: Fonts.Id,
+    cap_height_px: f32,
+    color: vm.Vector4,
+};
+
+pub fn printLine(self: *Gui, comptime fmt: []const u8, fmt_args: anytype, print_args: PrintLineArgs) void {
+    const allocator_frame = ctx.allocator_frame;
+    const fonts = ctx.fonts;
+
+    const text = std.fmt.allocPrint(allocator_frame, fmt, fmt_args) catch |err| {
+        std.log.err("Failed formatting of string \"{s}\": {}", .{ fmt, err });
+        return;
+    };
+
+    const font = fonts.array.items[@intFromEnum(print_args.font_id)];
+    const font_size_px = print_args.cap_height_px / font.cap_height_em;
+
+    const utf8_view = std.unicode.Utf8View.init(text) catch {
+        std.log.err("Invalid UTF-8 sequence in GUI print line", .{});
+        return;
+    };
+
+    var cursor_sspx = print_args.position_sspx;
+    var maybe_prev_glyph: ?u16 = null;
+    var it = utf8_view.iterator();
+    while (it.nextCodepoint()) |codepoint| {
+        const glyph_id = font.codepoint_glyph_id.get(codepoint) orelse {
+            std.log.warn("Missing codepoint 0x{X} '{u}' in font #{d}", .{ codepoint, codepoint, print_args.font_id });
+            maybe_prev_glyph = null;
+            continue;
+        };
+        defer maybe_prev_glyph = glyph_id;
+
+        const glyph_data = &font.cpu_glyph_data[glyph_id];
+
+        var cursor_offset_em = glyph_data.bottom_left_em;
+        cursor_offset_em.y = -cursor_offset_em.y;
+        if (maybe_prev_glyph == null) {
+            cursor_offset_em.x += glyph_data.left_side_bearing_em;
+        }
+
+        if (maybe_prev_glyph) |prev_glyph| {
+            const kerning_em = font.kerning_em.get(.{ prev_glyph, glyph_id }) orelse 0;
+            cursor_sspx.x += kerning_em;
+        }
+
+        if (glyph_data.gpu_glyph_id) |gpu_glyph_id| {
+            self.pushText(.{
+                .color = print_args.color,
+                .bottom_left_sspx = cursor_sspx.add(cursor_offset_em.mulScalar(font_size_px)),
+                .font_size_px = font_size_px,
+                .glyph_id = gpu_glyph_id,
+                .font_id = print_args.font_id,
+            });
+        }
+
+        const advance_px = font_size_px * glyph_data.advance_em;
+        cursor_sspx.x += advance_px;
+    }
+}
+
 pub fn pushImage(self: *Gui, image: Draw.Image) void {
     const instance: u32 = @intCast(self.image_cpu_buffer.items.len);
     self.image_cpu_buffer.appendBounded(image) catch return;
@@ -406,9 +840,9 @@ fn extendOrAddBatch(self: *Gui, draw_type: std.meta.DeclEnum(Draw), instance: u3
 pub fn draw(self: *const Gui, command_buffer: CommandBuffer) !void {
     command_buffer.bindIndexBuffer(self.index_buffer.buffer, 0, .uint16);
 
-    try self.box_gpu_buffer.write(.{ .elements = self.box_cpu_buffer.items });
+    try self.box_gpu_buffer.writeSlice(self.box_cpu_buffer.items);
-    try self.text_gpu_buffer.write(.{ .elements = self.text_cpu_buffer.items });
+    try self.text_gpu_buffer.writeSlice(self.text_cpu_buffer.items);
-    try self.image_gpu_buffer.write(.{ .elements = self.image_cpu_buffer.items });
+    try self.image_gpu_buffer.writeSlice(self.image_cpu_buffer.items);
 
     for (self.batches.items) |batch| {
         switch (batch.draw_type) {
@@ -417,12 +851,12 @@ pub fn draw(self: *const Gui, command_buffer: CommandBuffer) !void {
                 command_buffer.bindDescriptorSet(.graphics, self.box_pipeline_layout, 0, self.box_descriptor_set, null);
             },
             .Text => {
-                std.log.warn("GUI Text not implemented; skipping batch", .{});
+                command_buffer.bindPipeline(.graphics, self.text_pipeline);
-                continue;
+                command_buffer.bindDescriptorSet(.graphics, self.text_pipeline_layout, 0, self.text_descriptor_set, null);
             },
             .Image => {
-                std.log.warn("GUI Image not implemented; skipping batch", .{});
+                command_buffer.bindPipeline(.graphics, self.image_pipeline);
-                continue;
+                command_buffer.bindDescriptorSet(.graphics, self.image_pipeline_layout, 0, self.image_descriptor_set, null);
             },
         }
 

src/engine/Materials.zig

@@ -60,11 +60,14 @@ pub const Key = struct {
 
 /// Maps a key value to a material ID. Preallocated with `allocator_persistent`.
 map: std.AutoHashMapUnmanaged(Key, Id),
+/// Stores all material data and maps a material ID to its data. Preallocated
+/// with `allocator_persistent`.
+///
+/// Stores the same data as `material_buffer`, but is available on the CPU.
+array: std.ArrayList(shaders.Material),
 /// Stores all material data in a single contiguous storage buffer. Use the
 /// material ID as an index into this buffer.
 material_buffer: shaders.MaterialBuffer,
-/// The amount of materials currently loaded.
-material_count: usize,
 
 /// With `@sizeOf(Material) == 52` and `max_materials == 4096`, the material
 /// storage buffer should take 208 kiB in VRAM.
@@ -77,43 +80,43 @@ pub fn init() !*Materials {
 
     materials.* = .{
         .map = .empty,
+        .array = .empty,
         .material_buffer = undefined,
-        .material_count = 0,
     };
 
     try materials.map.ensureTotalCapacity(allocator_persistent, max_materials);
+    try materials.array.ensureTotalCapacityPrecise(allocator_persistent, max_materials);
 
     materials.material_buffer = try .init(.{
         .usage = .storage,
         .target_queue = .graphics,
-        .array_capacity = max_materials,
+        .capacity = max_materials,
         .name = "Materials",
     });
     errdefer materials.material_buffer.deinit();
 
     // VOLATILE Synchronize with explicit values on top of `Id` type.
 
-    try materials.material_buffer.write(.{
+    const material_data = [_]shaders.Material{
-        .element_offset = Id.empty.toInt(),
+        .{
-        .elements = &.{
+            .base_color = .zero,
-            .{
+            .emissive = .init(1, 0, 1),
-                .base_color = .zero,
+            .ior = 1.45,
-                .emissive = .init(1, 0, 1),
+            .metallic = 0,
-                .ior = 1.45,
+            .normal_scale = 1,
-                .metallic = 0,
+            .occlusion_texture_strength = 1,
-                .normal_scale = 1,
+            .roughness = 1,
-                .occlusion_texture_strength = 1,
+            .base_color_texture = .empty_base_color,
-                .roughness = 1,
+            .emissive_texture = .empty_emissive,
-                .base_color_texture = .empty_base_color,
+            .normal_texture = .empty_normal,
-                .emissive_texture = .empty_emissive,
+            .occlusion_roughness_metallic_texture = .empty_occlusion_roughness_metallic,
-                .normal_texture = .empty_normal,
-                .occlusion_roughness_metallic_texture = .empty_occlusion_roughness_metallic,
-            },
         },
-    });
+    };
-    materials.material_count += 1;
 
-    std.debug.assert(materials.material_count == @typeInfo(Id).@"enum".fields.len);
+    materials.array.appendSliceAssumeCapacity(&material_data);
+    try materials.material_buffer.writeSlice(&material_data);
+
+    std.debug.assert(materials.array.items.len == @typeInfo(Id).@"enum".fields.len);
     return materials;
 }
 
@@ -176,13 +179,13 @@ pub fn getOrLoad(self: *Materials, maybe_filename: ?[]const u8) !Id {
         if (self.map.get(key)) |id| {
             return id;
         } else {
-            const id = Id.fromIndexSafe(self.material_count) catch |err| switch (err) {
+            const id = Id.fromIndexSafe(self.array.items.len) catch |err| switch (err) {
                 error.Overflow => return error.OutOfMaterials,
             };
-            try self.loadMaterial(filename, id.toInt());
+            const material = try self.loadMaterial(filename, id.toInt());
 
             self.map.putAssumeCapacityNoClobber(key, id);
-            self.material_count += 1;
+            self.array.appendAssumeCapacity(material);
 
             return id;
         }
@@ -214,13 +217,13 @@ pub fn getOrLoadAtom(self: *Materials, filename: Atom) !Id {
         if (self.map.get(key)) |id| {
             return id;
         } else {
-            const id = Id.fromIndexSafe(self.material_count) catch |err| switch (err) {
+            const id = Id.fromIndexSafe(self.array.items.len) catch |err| switch (err) {
                 error.Overflow => return error.OutOfMaterials,
             };
-            try self.loadMaterial(filename.toString(), id.toInt());
+            const material = try self.loadMaterial(filename.toString(), id.toInt());
 
             self.map.putAssumeCapacityNoClobber(key, id);
-            self.material_count += 1;
+            self.array.appendAssumeCapacity(material);
 
             return id;
         }
@@ -266,7 +269,7 @@ pub fn loadAll(self: *Materials) void {
     }
 }
 
-fn loadMaterial(self: *Materials, filename: []const u8, index: u32) !void {
+fn loadMaterial(self: *Materials, filename: []const u8, index: u32) !shaders.Material {
     const allocator_frame = ctx.allocator_frame;
     const io = ctx.io;
     const textures = ctx.textures;
@@ -307,22 +310,20 @@ fn loadMaterial(self: *Materials, filename: []const u8, index: u32) !void {
         .allocate = .alloc_if_needed,
     });
 
-    try self.material_buffer.write(.{
+    const material_data: shaders.Material = .{
-        .element_offset = index,
+        .base_color = .initArray(material_json.baseColor),
-        .elements = &.{
+        .emissive = .initArray(material_json.emissive),
-            .{
+        .ior = material_json.ior,
-                .base_color = .initArray(material_json.baseColor),
+        .metallic = material_json.metallic,
-                .emissive = .initArray(material_json.emissive),
+        .normal_scale = material_json.normalScale,
-                .ior = material_json.ior,
+        .occlusion_texture_strength = material_json.occlusionTextureStrength,
-                .metallic = material_json.metallic,
+        .roughness = material_json.roughness,
-                .normal_scale = material_json.normalScale,
+        .base_color_texture = try textures.getOrLoad(material_json.baseColorTexture, .base_color),
-                .occlusion_texture_strength = material_json.occlusionTextureStrength,
+        .emissive_texture = try textures.getOrLoad(material_json.emissiveTexture, .emissive),
-                .roughness = material_json.roughness,
+        .normal_texture = try textures.getOrLoad(material_json.normalTexture, .normal),
-                .base_color_texture = try textures.getOrLoad(material_json.baseColorTexture, .base_color),
+        .occlusion_roughness_metallic_texture = try textures.getOrLoad(material_json.occlusionRoughnessMetallicTexture, .occlusion_roughness_metallic),
-                .emissive_texture = try textures.getOrLoad(material_json.emissiveTexture, .emissive),
+    };
-                .normal_texture = try textures.getOrLoad(material_json.normalTexture, .normal),
+
-                .occlusion_roughness_metallic_texture = try textures.getOrLoad(material_json.occlusionRoughnessMetallicTexture, .occlusion_roughness_metallic),
+    try self.material_buffer.writeAt(index, material_data);
-            },
+    return material_data;
-        },
-    });
 }

src/engine/Skybox.zig

@@ -10,7 +10,6 @@ const vm = @import("vecmath");
 const CommandBuffer = @import("CommandBuffer.zig");
 const Engine = @import("Engine.zig");
 const GenericBuffer = @import("GenericBuffer.zig").GenericBuffer;
-const StagingBuffer = @import("StagingBuffer.zig");
 const Swapchain = @import("Swapchain.zig");
 const Texture = @import("Texture.zig");
 
@@ -18,7 +17,7 @@ image: vk.Image,
 image_view: vk.ImageView,
 device_memory: vk.DeviceMemory,
 
-vertex_buffer: GenericBuffer(void, vm.Vector3),
+vertex_buffer: GenericBuffer(vm.Vector3),
 index_buffer: shaders.IndexBuffer,
 sampler: vk.Sampler,
 
@@ -69,15 +68,21 @@ pub fn load(
 
     // --- LOAD IMAGE INTO STAGING BUFFER --------------------------------------
 
-    var staging_buffer = try StagingBuffer.init(.{
+    var staging_buffer = try GenericBuffer(vm.ColorHdr).init(.{
-        .capacity = @intCast(img.width * img.height * @sizeOf(vm.ColorHdr)),
+        .usage = .staging,
         .target_queue = .compute,
+        .mappable = true,
+        .capacity = img.width * img.height,
     });
     defer staging_buffer.deinit();
 
-    const staging_memory = try staging_buffer.map();
+    {
-    @memcpy(staging_memory, @as([*]const u8, @ptrCast(img.data)));
+        const staging_memory = try staging_buffer.mapSlice();
-    staging_buffer.unmap();
+        defer staging_buffer.unmap();
+
+        @memcpy(staging_memory, img.data);
+        try staging_buffer.flush(0, img.width * img.height);
+    }
 
     // --- CREATE EQUIRECTANGULAR IMAGE ----------------------------------------
 
@@ -261,6 +266,26 @@ pub fn load(
     });
     errdefer engine.destroyImageView(cubemap_image_view);
 
+    // NOTE Because slang cannot conceive of such a thing as RWTextureCube
+    // (equivalent to imageCube in GLSL, which docs claim exists, but it
+    // doesn't), we have to resort to RWTexture2DArray (WTexture2DArray to be
+    // specific) in the compute shader. We have to make another image view with
+    // appropriate view_type to pass validation.
+
+    const cubemap_image_view_2d_array = try engine.createImageView(.{
+        .image = cubemap_image,
+        .view_type = .@"2d_array",
+        .format = .r16g16b16a16_sfloat,
+        .subresource_range = .{
+            .aspect_mask = .{ .color_bit = true },
+            .base_mip_level = 0,
+            .level_count = 1,
+            .base_array_layer = 0,
+            .layer_count = 6,
+        },
+    });
+    defer engine.destroyImageView(cubemap_image_view_2d_array);
+
     // --- PIPELINE AND DESCRIPTORS --------------------------------------------
 
     const sampler = try engine.createSampler(.{
@@ -312,7 +337,7 @@ pub fn load(
     });
     defer engine.destroyPipelineLayout(compute_pipeline_layout);
 
-    const compute_shader = try engine.createShaderModule(.{ .code = &shaders.equirect_to_cube_comp_spv });
+    const compute_shader = try engine.createShaderModule(.{ .code = &shaders.equirect_to_cube_spv });
     defer engine.destroyShaderModule(compute_shader);
 
     var compute_pipeline: vk.Pipeline = undefined;
@@ -380,7 +405,7 @@ pub fn load(
                     .image = &.{
                         .{
                             .sampler = .null_handle,
-                            .image_view = cubemap_image_view,
+                            .image_view = cubemap_image_view_2d_array,
                             .image_layout = .general,
                         },
                     },
@@ -475,10 +500,10 @@ pub fn load(
 
     // --- SKYBOX PIPELINE -----------------------------------------------------
 
-    var vertex_buffer = try GenericBuffer(void, vm.Vector3).init(.{
+    var vertex_buffer = try GenericBuffer(vm.Vector3).init(.{
         .usage = .vertex,
         .target_queue = .graphics,
-        .array_capacity = 8,
+        .capacity = 8,
     });
     errdefer vertex_buffer.deinit();
 
@@ -490,47 +515,43 @@ pub fn load(
     // ┃╱   ┃╱    │╱
     // 0━━━━1     O────X
 
-    try vertex_buffer.write(.{
+    try vertex_buffer.writeSlice(&.{
-        .elements = &.{
+        .init(-1, -1, -1),
-            .init(-1, -1, -1),
+        .init(1, -1, -1),
-            .init(1, -1, -1),
+        .init(-1, 1, -1),
-            .init(-1, 1, -1),
+        .init(1, 1, -1),
-            .init(1, 1, -1),
+        .init(-1, -1, 1),
-            .init(-1, -1, 1),
+        .init(1, -1, 1),
-            .init(1, -1, 1),
+        .init(-1, 1, 1),
-            .init(-1, 1, 1),
+        .init(1, 1, 1),
-            .init(1, 1, 1),
-        },
     });
 
-    var index_buffer = try GenericBuffer(void, u16).init(.{
+    var index_buffer: shaders.IndexBuffer = try .init(.{
         .usage = .index,
         .target_queue = .graphics,
-        .array_capacity = 36,
+        .capacity = 36,
     });
     errdefer index_buffer.deinit();
 
-    try index_buffer.write(.{
+    try index_buffer.writeSlice(&.{
-        .elements = &.{
+        // Positive X
-            // Positive X
+        3, 1, 7,
-            3, 1, 7,
+        7, 1, 5,
-            7, 1, 5,
+        // Negative X
-            // Negative X
+        0, 2, 4,
-            0, 2, 4,
+        4, 2, 6,
-            4, 2, 6,
+        // Positive Y
-            // Positive Y
+        2, 3, 6,
-            2, 3, 6,
+        6, 3, 7,
-            6, 3, 7,
+        // Negative Y
-            // Negative Y
+        1, 0, 5,
-            1, 0, 5,
+        5, 0, 4,
-            5, 0, 4,
+        // Positive Z
-            // Positive Z
+        6, 7, 4,
-            6, 7, 4,
+        4, 7, 5,
-            4, 7, 5,
+        // Negative Z
-            // Negative Z
+        0, 1, 2,
-            0, 1, 2,
+        2, 1, 3,
-            2, 1, 3,
-        },
     });
 
     const descriptor_set_layout = try engine.createDescriptorSetLayout(.{
@@ -622,23 +643,20 @@ pub fn load(
         },
     });
 
-    const vertex_shader = try engine.createShaderModule(.{ .code = &shaders.skybox_vert_spv });
+    const shader = try engine.createShaderModule(.{ .code = &shaders.skybox_spv });
-    defer engine.destroyShaderModule(vertex_shader);
+    defer engine.destroyShaderModule(shader);
-
-    const fragment_shader = try engine.createShaderModule(.{ .code = &shaders.skybox_frag_spv });
-    defer engine.destroyShaderModule(fragment_shader);
 
     const pipeline = try engine.createGraphicsPipeline(.{
         .stages = &.{
             .{
                 .stage = .{ .vertex_bit = true },
-                .module = vertex_shader,
+                .module = shader,
-                .name = "main",
+                .name = "vertexMain",
             },
             .{
                 .stage = .{ .fragment_bit = true },
-                .module = fragment_shader,
+                .module = shader,
-                .name = "main",
+                .name = "fragmentMain",
             },
         },
         .vertex_input_state = .{

src/engine/StagingBuffer.zig

@@ -1,83 +0,0 @@
-const StagingBuffer = @This();
-const std = @import("std");
-
-const ctx = @import("../AppContext.zig");
-const vk = @import("vulkan");
-
-const Engine = @import("Engine.zig");
-const TargetQueue = @import("TargetQueue.zig").TargetQueue;
-
-buffer: vk.Buffer,
-device_memory: vk.DeviceMemory,
-capacity: u32,
-
-pub const InitInfo = struct {
-    target_queue: TargetQueue,
-    capacity: u32,
-};
-
-pub fn init(init_info: InitInfo) !StagingBuffer {
-    const engine = ctx.engine;
-
-    const target_queue_family = switch (init_info.target_queue) {
-        .graphics => engine.graphics_queue.allocation.family,
-        .compute => engine.compute_queue.allocation.family,
-    };
-    const transfer_queue_family = engine.transfer_queue.allocation.family;
-
-    const buffer = try engine.createBuffer(.{
-        .size = init_info.capacity,
-        .usage = .{
-            .transfer_src_bit = true,
-        },
-        .queue_family_indices = &.{ target_queue_family, transfer_queue_family },
-    });
-    errdefer engine.destroyBuffer(buffer);
-
-    const memory_requirements = engine.getBufferMemoryRequirements(buffer);
-    const device_memory = try engine.allocate(
-        memory_requirements,
-        .{
-            .host_visible_bit = true,
-            .host_coherent_bit = true,
-        },
-    );
-    errdefer engine.freeMemory(device_memory);
-
-    try engine.bindBufferMemory(buffer, device_memory, 0);
-
-    return .{
-        .buffer = buffer,
-        .device_memory = device_memory,
-        .capacity = init_info.capacity,
-    };
-}
-
-pub fn deinit(self: *StagingBuffer) void {
-    const engine = ctx.engine;
-
-    std.log.scoped(.deinit).debug("Deinitializing {*}", .{self});
-
-    engine.freeMemory(self.device_memory);
-    engine.destroyBuffer(self.buffer);
-
-    self.* = undefined;
-}
-
-pub fn map(self: StagingBuffer) ![]u8 {
-    const mapped_memory = try self.mapPartial(0, self.capacity);
-    return mapped_memory;
-}
-
-pub fn mapPartial(self: StagingBuffer, offset: u32, len: u32) ![]u8 {
-    const engine = ctx.engine;
-
-    const mapped_memory = try engine.mapMemory(self.device_memory, offset, len, .{});
-    return mapped_memory;
-}
-
-pub fn unmap(self: StagingBuffer) void {
-    const engine = ctx.engine;
-
-    engine.unmapMemory(self.device_memory);
-}

src/engine/Texture.zig

@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ const vk = @import("vulkan");
 const CommandBuffer = @import("CommandBuffer.zig");
 const DeviceAllocation = @import("DeviceAllocation.zig");
 const Engine = @import("Engine.zig");
-const StagingBuffer = @import("StagingBuffer.zig");
+const GenericBuffer = @import("GenericBuffer.zig").GenericBuffer;
 const TargetQueue = @import("TargetQueue.zig").TargetQueue;
 
 pub const Usage = enum {
@@ -207,15 +207,21 @@ pub fn writeRaw(self: Texture, data: []const u8) !void {
     std.debug.assert(data.len == byte_length);
     std.debug.assert(self.usage != .depth);
 
-    var staging_buffer = try StagingBuffer.init(.{
+    var staging_buffer = try GenericBuffer(u8).init(.{
-        .capacity = @intCast(byte_length),
+        .usage = .staging,
         .target_queue = self.target_queue,
+        .mappable = true,
+        .capacity = @intCast(byte_length),
     });
     defer staging_buffer.deinit();
 
-    const staging_memory = try staging_buffer.map();
+    {
-    @memcpy(staging_memory, data);
+        const staging_memory = try staging_buffer.mapSlice();
-    staging_buffer.unmap();
+        defer staging_buffer.unmap();
+
+        @memcpy(staging_memory, data);
+        try staging_buffer.flush(0, byte_length);
+    }
 
     // --- TRANSITION TO TRANSFER_DST_OPTIMAL AND COPY -----------------
 

src/main.zig

@@ -41,6 +41,9 @@ pub fn main(init: std.process.Init) !void {
     ctx.stbi = try ctx.allocator_persistent.create(media.stbi);
     ctx.stbi.* = .init(ctx.allocator_general, ctx.io);
     defer ctx.stbi.deinit();
+    ctx.stbtt = try ctx.allocator_persistent.create(media.stbtt);
+    ctx.stbtt.* = .init(ctx.allocator_general, ctx.io);
+    defer ctx.stbtt.deinit();
 
     // --- INITIALIZE APP CONTEXT ---
 
@@ -105,6 +108,12 @@ pub fn main(init: std.process.Init) !void {
         ctx.materials = undefined;
     }
 
+    ctx.fonts = try .init();
+    defer {
+        ctx.fonts.deinit();
+        ctx.fonts = undefined;
+    }
+
     ctx.gui = try .init();
     defer {
         ctx.gui.deinit();

src/shaders.zig

@@ -5,13 +5,13 @@ const Materials = @import("engine/Materials.zig");
 const GenericBuffer = @import("engine/GenericBuffer.zig").GenericBuffer;
 const Textures = @import("engine/Textures.zig");
 
-pub const VertexBuffer = GenericBuffer(void, Vertex);
+pub const VertexBuffer = GenericBuffer(Vertex);
-pub const IndexBuffer = GenericBuffer(void, Index);
+pub const IndexBuffer = GenericBuffer(Index);
-pub const GlobalUniformsBuffer = GenericBuffer(GlobalUniforms, void);
+pub const GlobalUniformsBuffer = GenericBuffer(GlobalUniforms);
-pub const PointLightBuffer = GenericBuffer(u32, PointLight);
+pub const PointLightBuffer = GenericBuffer(PointLight);
-pub const DirectionalLightBuffer = GenericBuffer(u32, DirectionalLight);
+pub const DirectionalLightBuffer = GenericBuffer(DirectionalLight);
-pub const MaterialBuffer = GenericBuffer(void, Material);
+pub const MaterialBuffer = GenericBuffer(Material);
-pub const ObjectUniformsBuffer = GenericBuffer(void, ObjectUniforms);
+pub const ObjectUniformsBuffer = GenericBuffer(ObjectUniforms);
 
 pub const Vertex = extern struct {
     positionOS: vm.Vector3,
@@ -44,9 +44,12 @@ pub const Vertex = extern struct {
 pub const Index = u16;
 
 pub const GlobalUniforms = extern struct {
-    matrixWStoVS: vm.Matrix4x4,
+    matrixWStoVS: [4]vm.Vector3,
     matrixVStoCS: vm.Matrix4x4,
     matrixSSPXtoCS: vm.Matrix3x2,
+
+    pointLightCount: u32,
+    directionalLightCount: u32,
     ambientLight: vm.Vector3,
 };
 
@@ -90,16 +93,24 @@ pub const Material = extern struct {
 };
 
 pub const ObjectUniforms = extern struct {
-    matrixOStoWS: vm.Matrix4x4,
+    // Limited to a composition of translation and rotation
-    matrixOStoWSNormal: vm.Matrix4x4,
+    matrixOStoWS: [4]vm.Vector3,
-
+    texCoordTransform: vm.Matrix3x2,
     material: Materials.Id,
 };
 
-pub const equirect_to_cube_comp_spv align(4) = @embedFile("shaders/equirect_to_cube_comp.spv").*;
+pub const GlyphData = extern struct {
-pub const gui_box_vert_spv align(4) = @embedFile("shaders/gui_box_vert.spv").*;
+    bottomLeftEM: vm.Vector2,
-pub const gui_box_frag_spv align(4) = @embedFile("shaders/gui_box_frag.spv").*;
+    sizeEM: vm.Vector2,
-pub const main_vert_spv align(4) = @embedFile("shaders/main_vert.spv").*;
+    verticalBandPtr: u32,
-pub const main_frag_spv align(4) = @embedFile("shaders/main_frag.spv").*;
+    horizontalBandPtr: u32,
-pub const skybox_vert_spv align(4) = @embedFile("shaders/skybox_vert.spv").*;
+    verticalBandCount: u32,
-pub const skybox_frag_spv align(4) = @embedFile("shaders/skybox_frag.spv").*;
+    horizontalBandCount: u32,
+};
+
+pub const equirect_to_cube_spv align(4) = @embedFile("shaders/equirect_to_cube").*;
+pub const gui_box_spv align(4) = @embedFile("shaders/gui_box").*;
+pub const gui_text_spv align(4) = @embedFile("shaders/gui_text").*;
+pub const gui_image_spv align(4) = @embedFile("shaders/gui_image").*;
+pub const main_spv align(4) = @embedFile("shaders/main").*;
+pub const skybox_spv align(4) = @embedFile("shaders/skybox").*;

src/voxels.zig

@@ -59,6 +59,49 @@ pub const Transform = enum(u3) {
     mirror_rotate_cw = 5,
     mirror_rotate_ccw = 6,
     mirror_rotate_180 = 7,
+
+    pub fn getMatrix(self: Transform) vm.Matrix3x2 {
+        return switch (self) {
+            // zig fmt: off
+            .identity => .identity,
+            .rotate_cw => .init(
+                0, -1,
+                1,  0,
+                0,  1,
+            ),
+            .rotate_ccw => .init(
+                 0, 1,
+                -1, 0,
+                 1, 0,
+            ),
+            .rotate_180 => .init(
+                -1,  0,
+                 0, -1,
+                 1,  1,
+            ),
+            .mirror => .init(
+                -1, 0,
+                 0, 1,
+                 1, 0,
+            ),
+            .mirror_rotate_cw => .init(
+                 0, -1,
+                -1,  0,
+                 1,  1,
+            ),
+            .mirror_rotate_ccw => .init(
+                0, 1,
+                1, 0,
+                0, 0,
+            ),
+            .mirror_rotate_180 => .init(
+                 0,  1,
+                -1,  0,
+                 1,  0,
+            ),
+            // zig fmt: on
+        };
+    }
 };
 
 //  ┌──────────────────── x